Two truths and a lie

Emma lives in a foster home because her mom abandoned her in the hospital, and now lives with a family who has a foster mom who is mean and a foster brother who is always trying o get Emma in trouble or either trying to see her naked. Meanwhile Sutton went to a good home with a really loving family and she always gets what she wants and is loved by almost everybody. But one day really surprisingly Sutton disappeared.Lauren who is Cotton's sister but turns out to be a foster sister is really mean and disrespectful to Sutton is always trying to get her in trouble so Lauren can be the good kid in the family, Lauren always turns things around, if Sutton wants to help her, she twists the situation so Sutton would get blamed for it. She changed into a better errors when she got to know Sutton more because she didn't really pay attention to getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton In trouble and not paying attention to Cotton's feelings nor emotions.As they bec ame closer hey started to trust each other more and they had an unbreakable bond. This book compares to other books Is that It caught my attention because I read the back of It and got interested in the book and I don't like too much books because I'm a picky reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get Interested In It so I was happy I found this book. The kind of reader who would Like this book Is a person who Likes fiction but I'm not sure If my book Is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader Is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can.My mall goal this month Is to read more books and try harder and put more effort In reading because It's going to help me In a long run and I'll know more about thing. I really want to read different kinds books. Two truths and a lie By Victoria-Hosanna getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton in trouble and amperes to other books is that it caught my attention because I read the back of it reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get interested in it so I was happy I found this book.The kind of reader who would like this book is a person who likes fiction but I'm not sure if my book is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can. My main goal this month is to read more books and try harder and put more effort in reading because it's going to help me in a long run and I'll

The Nuremberg Trials

Professor Henry King (2003) declared that, â€Å"there is no greater challenge currently confronting the international community than that of defining the scope of international human rights.† And rightly so, as we observe the present day atrocities committed all over the world as well as how the progression of international law has developed systems to adjudicate on these controversial matters. One of the most pioneering landmark cases in international law is the Nuremberg War Trials. Along with its significance, perhaps, it is also one of the most debatable. Judge Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (1946) wrote: â€Å"to those who support the trial it promises the first effective recognition of a world law for the punishment of malefactors who start wars or conduct them in bestial fashion† (p.66). On the other hand, Wyzanski argues that, â€Å"to the adverse critics the trial appears in many aspects a negation of principles which they regard as the heart of any system of justice under law.† Such a chasm in opinion created several theoretically relevant points in analyzing the history of international criminal law. It is often said that history is written by the victors. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and France, victors of the 1939-1945 World War II, organized these trials to implead the Nazi leaders for â€Å"aggressive acts and war crimes.† About six million Jews and nearly five million other Europeans were murdered en masse in a phenomenon called the Holocaust. This is often benchmarked by international organizations as one of the first acts of genocide. This paper aims to:   discuss the international crimes indicted in the Nuremberg Trials, describe the judgment passed on the Nazi defendants, present opposing views and controversies on the matter, and analyze the significance of the Nuremberg Trials in comparison to the current criminal justice system. Nuremberg Tribunal On August 8, 1945, the representatives of the four Allied powers formally adopted The Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Establishing the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Two months after, this Agreement and the IMT Charter became the legal basis for the indictment of the Nazi leaders on the four counts discussed below. Nuremberg Principles: the Four Counts of Indictment Four Counts of Indictment were the basis of the charge against the Nationalsozialistische Deitsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi party) leadership by the International Military Tribunal. These Counts include: conspiracy to commit aggressive war, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Critics of the Nuremberg Trials maintain that these Counts were in the nature of an ex post facto law, or one that was not a criminal act when it was first committed, yet became punishable later on by statute or legislation (Wyzanski, 1946). After all, one of the most elementary legal principles is one that holds: nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege — there is no crime where there is no law punishing such. Supporters of the Nuremberg Trials contend that international law, natural law and civil law jurisdictions adhere to the agreements between states and are compelled to adopt the internationally recognized standards, including the doctrines enshrined in the Nuremberg Trials. Count 1: Conspiracy Conspiracy, commonly stated as, â€Å"the act of one is the act of all,† or the collusion of two or more people in the commission of an offense, was established as an additional and separate substantive offense from Counts One to Three. To assert conspiracy is to define that there is a wrong done when, acting together for an unlawful end, he who joins in that action incurs liability not only for the act planned, or participated in, or could reasonably be foreseen to happen, but also for every single act that his co-conspirators committed. For instance, Julius Streicher was found guilty by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg for direct incitement and encouraging the commission of war crimes in the following: â€Å"†¦a punitive expedition must come against the Jews in Russia. A punitive expedition which will provide the same fate for them that every murderer and criminal must expect. Death sentence and execution. The Jews in Russia must be killed. They must be exterminated root and branch (Schabas, 2000, p. 278-279).† Wyzanski (1946) asks: â€Å"what is the basis for asserting such a broad and substantive crime in international law? Aside from the notion being new, is it not fundamentally unjust?† He reasons that a trial, when used as propaganda, is to debase justice. This is one of the strongest arguments posited by the critics of the Nuremberg Trials. Count 2: Crimes Against Peace Germany was a party to nine international treaties that condemn the plotting and waging of wars of aggression (the type where a state is the instigator of the war, and not merely in defense of national security). The Geneva protocol declared wars of aggression as international crimes — not merely uncivilized ways of waging war but also the waging in any way of uncivilized wars (Wyzanski, 1946). Count 3: War Crimes War crimes are in violation of the rules on warfare defined in international conventions, to which Germany was a party. This systematic course of conduct toward both civilians and combatants, excessive destruction of territories, with clear knowledge of the defendants, was deemed to be punishable, according to the 1946 article by Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. It is aggression itself that was criminalized. This Count was the most criticized for being retroactive legislation since the history of warfare has not absolved the organizers of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal from their own acts of warfare in their respective colonies. The Allied Forces (United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) were also known for committing war time atrocities in their own jurisdictions but critics point out that only the Nazis were held to account for their wartime liabilities. Other aggressive wars prior to World War II were not punished by international tribunals prior to the one constituted at Nuremberg. Count 4: Crimes against Humanity The horrors of Auschwitz and other parts of Germany and Europe where Jews, Poles and Gypsies were massacred in cold blood were defined as crimes against humanity, as described in the opening address to the Nuremberg Trials by US Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson (King, 2003). Despite the innocence of the civilians, they were subject to various atrocities ordered by the Nazi leadership: deliberate and systematic genocide of racial and national groups of certain occupied territories, as charged in the case of France et al. v. Goering et al., 22 IMT 203 (1946) as cited by William Schabas (pp. 37-38). Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the International Tribunal, enumerated the crimes falling under the definition of â€Å"crimes against humanity† submitted by the American delegation to the Charter of the International Military Tribunal that heard the Nuremberg Trials (Schabas, 2000, p.36). Nuremberg Judgment Nazi defendants Bormann, Goering, von Ribbentrop, and Jodl among others, were sentenced to death by hanging. On October 16, 1946, ten of them were hanged while Goering committed suicide. Bormann was tried in absentia prior to that while Hess, Doenitz, and five others were awarded ten years to life imprisonment in Spandau Prison, Berlin. 185 defendants were tried subsequently by US judges, including Nazi Party officials, judges, business executives, and doctors. Biographical Sketch From November 20, 1945 until October 1, 1946, the Nuremberg Palace of Justice in Nuremberg City, Germany became the host of a series of trials fraught with contentious debates. These trials before the International Military Tribunal adjudicated on war crimes. The most prominent was the first trial which prosecuted 24 of the top Nazi Germany (Nationalsozialistische Deitsche Arbeiterpartei) leadership in the realms of politics, economy and military. Of the 23 were originally charged, 12 were meted out death sentences but only 10 were imposed. Even organizations involved fell under the penumbra of these war crimes (Wyzanski, 1964). Applicable Historical Theory Historical theories birthed by the Nuremberg trials include international law concepts, the formation of a tribunal, and responses to the defenses invoked by the accused. United Nations member States adopted the four counts of indictment as definitions of internationally punishable acts. These theories were further codified in the Charter of the IMT which acquired jurisdiction over States that ratified the Agreement. Some defenses rooted in customary law were raised: head of State immunity; superior orders; and tu quoque (the adversary committed similar atrocities). Of these, the IMT at Nuremberg denied the defense of head of State immunity because it was formally provided in the Charter that â€Å"constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals† are liable. The defense of superior orders was also excluded by the IMT to dispel ambiguities. The Nuremberg Trials underscored the moral duty of citizens to disobey inhumane orders that contravene natural law principles of justice. However, the defense of tu quoque was glossed over at Nuremberg since the World War II behavior of the Allied powers would render the legal justifications of the IMT vulnerable to attack (Schabas, 2000, pp. 314-342). Historical Theory In Comparison to Our Current Criminal Justice System The United Nations General Assembly Economic and Social Council created an ad hoc committee to draft a convention on the crime of genocide. In this convention, they resolved to formulate Nuremberg Principles into the provisions. Several UN member States raised the ideological angle in linking genocide to â€Å"race theories† like Fascism-Nazism. Thus, the Nuremberg principles were adopted in the preamble, by its analogy to punishing war criminals for similar acts of genocide (Schabas, 2000, p. 62-64). Before the April 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the hate-mongering Radio Mille Collines was broadcasting messages to incite the population to commit massacres of the Tutsi   and some Hutu civilians (Schabas, 2000, p.279). There is a chilling similarity to the situation of Nazi Germany where the Nuremberg court found such direct incitement punishable for direct incitement of acts of genocide, hatred, and violence which led to the Jewish Holocaust, among others. The criminal justice system of today and that of the Nuremberg era are both united in recognizing the criminal nature of hate propaganda and adopting measures to curb incitements to violence by adjudicating against the perpetrators. The US war on Iraq also raises delicate issues that can be attributable to the Nuremberg precedent. The historical theories and defenses raised would pose a strong ideological challenge to the criminality of certain acts that States commit against other States in the guise of protecting national security and the hegemonic concepts of development. While the US-Iraq war is said to be a fluid legal arena, the IMT of Nuremberg may have much to say on the matter. Conclusion Sixty two years ago until the present, the precedent set by the Nuremberg Trials is still being used as the rallying point for other analogous crimes. The four counts of indictment were codified into a formal Agreement along with the Charter for the IMT. Defenses normally recognized under customary law were denied by express provision of the Charter. Although the criminalization of these counts was still imperfect, provoking legal contentions even, the millions of lives lost during the war deserve the chance to have the scales of justice tilted in their favor. Through the constantly evolving international legal theories, one can only hope that humanity would be able to devise ways to put an end to the abject horror of war. References Schabas, W. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. Cambridge:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge University Press. King, Henry. (2003, May 1). Robert Jackson and International Human Rights. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 20, 2007, from http://www.roberthjackson.org/Man/theman2-6-6/ Wyzanski, C. E., Jr. (1946, April). Nuremberg–A Fair Trial? Dangerous Precedent. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 177, No. 4, 66-70. The Nuremberg Trials A brief look at the Nuremberg Trials and some of the people involved. It steps upon the problems leading to the start of the trials including three of the doctors, three of the experiments performed on prisoners, and the judgment of three people involved with carrying out the vulgar experiments. Also included are three people who decided to commit suicide instead of facing certain death after going before a jury. The three people who committed suicide were also three of the biggest people involved in building the Nazi party in Germany and its surrounding areas. The Nuremberg Trials, a glimpse into the Nazis’ that committed crimes during WWII, exposes the lives destroyed, and the precedents set forth from this new category of crime, the war criminal. (Brown, 1995) The trials included 24 major political and military leaders who committed crimes against humanity and war crimes, (Congress, 2009) and did so without remorse or emotion for what their victims were going through. It was not until 1945 when the trials began that the full extent of what was truly taking place in the concentration camps and in the extermination camps (death camps) were revealed. The truth about medical experiments, atrocities, crimes against humanity, and membership in a criminal organization were grounds for the Nuremberg trials to commence and would become the precedents for all war crimes that would follow. (Congress, 2009) War crimes are defined as violations of the laws in which a person’s given rights are compromised. In broadest terms, a war crime is any act of violence by military personnel that exceeds the rules of war. To an extent, the concentration camps were guilty of all violations listed above and it was because of the crimes committed by the leaders in the camps that the Nuremberg trials became a necessity in order to make an example out of the people who committed the crimes. An argument that can be made about the Nuremberg trials is the fact that the crimes against humanity were made, but there was no precedent for war crimes before these trials started. It wasn’t until after the trials that the term crimes against humanity and war crimes became standard in the practice of law in all types of war entanglements. The International Military Tribunal (IMT) consisted of four allied powers including: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States and were responsible for the outcome of every person being tried in the Nuremberg trials. (Cowell, 1995) â€Å"The lasting contribution of Nuremberg was to make individuals responsible,† for their genocidal contributions to the war. (Cowell, 1995) By the end of the Nuremberg trials in 1946, there were 12 people convicted and sentenced to death, three were acquitted, and seven were sentenced to prison terms of 10 years to life. Unfortunately, Hitler, Goebbels, and Himmler committed suicide before they could be tried for the crimes they committed. Adolf Hitler was appointed the chancellor of the Nazi party in 1933 and oversaw the murder of over 17 million civilians with an estimated six million Jews in what is known as the Holocaust, but Hitler took his life just days before the allied forces took Germany by force. (Farmer, 2007) Paul Joseph Goebbels was one of Hitler’s closest associates and took over the position of Chancellor of Germany for just one day after Hitler committed suicide. Goebbels committed suicide just a day before Germany was taken by allied forces. It was not until after Goebbels and his wife took their six children’s lives that they finally took their own lives. (Reich, 2009) Heinrich Himmler was the head of the Gestapo and the organizer of the mass murders of Jews in the extermination camps during Hitler’s reign and took poison to commit suicide after he was discovered wearing a disguise and fell into British hands after escaping capture in Germany. These are just a few key people in the genocide that happened in Germany during WWII and they decided to commit suicide rather than be prosecuted for the lives they destroyed. A few of the people involved in the Nuremberg trials included: Karl Brandt, Erhard Milch, and Oswald Pohl. Karl Brandt was the personal physician to Adolf Hitler and the commissioner for health and sanitation and was also the chief medical official of the German government during WWII. Brandt contributed to the experiments being performed on the inmates in the concentration camps and was sentenced to death and executed. Erhard Milch was a member of the Central Planning Board and had full power over the schedule that controlled the production and development of materials by forced labor during the war. He also assisted in the experiments being performed at the Dachau concentration camp in which high altitude and freezing experiments were conducted. (Congress, 2009) In the end, â€Å"Milch was acquitted of the charges concerning medical experiments and found guilty of charges concerning slave labor,† and sentenced to life in prison but was shortened to 15 years in 1951. Oswald Pohl was chief of the SS Wirtschafts und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA; Economic and Administrative Main Office) which took the place of several offices including Budget and Buildings and the Inspector of Concentration Camps. (College, 2003) In the end, Pohl received the death penalty for his involvement in the transportation of prisoners, murder, medical experiments, and his involvement in the mass executions of mostly Jews and other civilians. There were a couple of places in which the mass executions took place which included both concentration camps and extermination camps that were familiar with Hitler and the objectives he wanted to achieve during his reign during WWII. The camps included Auschwitz and Dachau which were places where experiments and death took place. Auschwitz was the place that mass murder became a daily routine after an experimental gassing was conducted in September of 1941 where 850 malnourished and ill prisoners entered gas chambers and never escaped the anguish they felt as they took their last breaths. Bulow, 2009) Dachau was another concentration camp where prisoners were mistreated and is more known for the brutal experiments that took place than executions in mass quantities like in Auschwitz. Just a few experiments that took place at the Dachau concentration camp that were brought out more clearly in the Nuremberg trials included: high altitude experiments, freezing experiments, and malaria e xperiments. (Congress, 2009) High altitude experiments were performed to test the limits of human endurance at high altitudes. The tests were performed in low pressure chambers where the pressure of 68,000 feet could be duplicated and measures, many died from this procedure and others suffered grave injury and ill treatment. The freezing experiments involved placing the subject in a tank of ice water for up to three hours without cloths or the victims were placed outside in freezing temperatures also without cloths to test the effects. After the victims were removed from the water or brought in from the cold, various methods of warming the victims up were tried, but the outcome was either death or the victims suffered severe pain and disability. The malaria experiment involved infecting healthy concentration camps with malaria bearing mosquitoes or by injecting the disease into victims from the mucous of the glands of mosquitoes. Most of the test subjects died or suffered from severe pain or disability. (Congress, 2009) In the end, the Nuremberg trials were justified because of the ways in which the Nazis’ treated the prisoners they turned into victims through the use of force and through sheer neglect. No man or woman should ever have had to endure what the prisoners of war during WWII endured. It was unconscionable what happened behind closed doors and the walls keeping the Nazis’ in control, but because of the Nuremberg trials, the truth came to be known about how relentless the Nazis’ were towards human life. A question is always asked in history classes, why does history need to be taught, and the answer is always: in order to avoid repeating the mistakes from the past. This was one of the worst times in history, and this paper is just a short excerpt to all the turmoil associated with Hitler’s ideals of the perfect world. References http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nuremberg.html http://law.jrank.org/pages/2311/War-Crimes.html

Consider the writers’ intentions in writing their Gothic stories

What is horror? Horror is a way of coming to terms with anxieties in each person and in a society as a whole. But horror also plays a role of intensifying the imagination and gives people the adrenaline rush that comes, with being scared. Several factors contribute to the creation of different emotions and feelings. Stevenson uses a multitude of ways to give the overall effect of mystery and horror rather than a sudden, obvious indication. This reveals how Stevenson differs from previous gothic writers. Although Stevenson may have differed from previous gothic writers he still managed to include both traditional and more modern gothic conventions. By including full moons and by exploiting the excessiveness of science Stevenson maintains the more traditional and stereotypical gothic conventions. But by conveying two different characters that are the same Stevenson is including more modern conventions by revealing that terror was created by humans and can only be ended by humans. By using both traditional and modern conventions Stevenson is able to break boundaries by drawing on science rather than superstition but also by emphasizing that the horror experienced is in us, now. This is one of the things that need to be observed when concluding the effectiveness. Another thing to observe is when the novel was written. This greatly influences the way the novel has been written and the impact that it made on people of that time. Stevenson's Jekyll and Hyde novel may not seem too terrifying now with films such as the Exorcist coming out. The Exorcist was both original and modern in terms of convention. The Exorcist built on an idea that demons could possess individuals just like in Jekyll and Hyde where in the end Hyde possesses Jekyll permanently. This illustrates how even the most modern films copy certain aspects of Stevenson's gothic novels to emphasize the fear being experienced. But for the people and era of that time Jekyll and Hyde was a novel to be reckoned with and was definitely a bookmark to how gothic stories should be written. The way in which it revolutionized the way that gothic novels are, in that the setting and atmosphere were different then previous gothic novels â€Å"deadly smell†. With previous novels the only thing they needed to include was that it was dark, foggy, gloomy, isolated area that most likely contained a castle and was set in some unfamiliar part of the world like Transylvania. Jekyll and Hyde being a gothic novel included some of these but also managed to be effective in different areas. Jekyll and Hyde set their scene in a very familiar place (London), with the idea to emphasize the fear that the audience felt when reading about this tale, the way in which this was accomplished was by drawing on the frighteningly familiar rather than the absurd.. This was just one of the ways that Stevenson changed gothic books and made them into effective horror stories. However this was not the only thing which made Jekyll and Hyde an effective and daring gothic book. The anxieties that it dealt with showed people that either they were justified to feel this way or that things such as homosexuality are nothing to be feared of. The anxieties that it mentions are to do with science going too far, atheism growing and homosexuality. These all contribute to the effect of a horror novel. As Stevenson is trying to explore new ground with Jekyll and Hyde. The first thing to notice is that the characters are described completely different from each other, as one is a Doctor in a very high place where as Hyde can be described as having â€Å"ape like fury†. By showing the immediate contrast of the two characters Stevenson creates a sense of mystery which all gothic books should have. By creating ambiguity he is trying to lead the audience of that time to the wrong conclusion so as to make sure that the his book is shocking and intelligent. These qualities both contribute to the effectiveness of horror. However for that time the novel was nothing but a groundbreaking barrier-smashing novel at that time. Compared to some of the previous gothic novels you can tell how the genre of gothic has evolved from previous books which give everything away too easily and involve the most obvious give away (such as castles). Although this may be true for the late 1800's the same can not be said about today. With the fame that comes along with Jekyll and Hyde the majority of people already know the story, meaning that when they read the actual novel they could be disappointed by it, due to the fact that it's that old. Not only this but the number of films which take the story on usually let it down meaning that the audience does not have the same respect for the novel as the people of 120 years ago did. But whether or not people respect is not the case but whether they appreciate it is. One aspect that they could have appreciated from all the gothic writers was that they all identified themselves philosophically as romantics. Stevenson among others all had interests in the wild and untamed aspects of nature and they all believed in the power of human imagination. These thoughts lead to them becoming outsiders. These outsiders would have been appreciated because of their views were not expressed by the wider society. These views consequently were revealed in their novels. Just like another writer of the time Stroker (Dracula), they tried to perceive the main character as having an addiction to a certain drug. Whether it is blood or a concoction. Both writers attempted to give the reader a certain side of a character that had previously never been seen by audiences of the 1880's. Where as Stroker pointed out quite clearly who the evil demon was, Stevenson had a more suspenseful and unique style of only giving away the odd small ounce of information. I think that for his time Stevenson was quite ahead of the game with his piece Jekyll and Hyde. His attention to detail, whether it being about the atmosphere or how a man died was very unique for that time causing him to be famous for writing a novel like Jekyll and Hyde. Both the stories of Jekyll and Hyde and Dracula have certain similarities between them. Both writers pioneered in bending and breaking the rules of classic gothic horror stories. The more traditional of these two stories is Stoker's Dracula. Set in a dark unfamiliar setting of Transylvania, where like most gothic stories there happens to be darkness, fog, isolation and the super natural. Although both are very famous stories they differ in many ways. The story of Jekyll and Hyde is more to do with expressing different ways of really intensifying the readers, or viewers' imagination. Where as Dracula is more to do with the traditional way of scaring people through super natural occurrences that happens in the story, but unlike Jekyll and Hyde, Dracula brings in more emotions. These emotions of lust and love are not present in Jekyll and Hyde, where as they are a key aspect in Dracula. Another key difference that appeared in Dracula was a motive. The motive of falling in love made this man wild and crazy. Where as it can be argued that Jekyll's motive is more to do with scientific experiments rather then emotion. But others can say that Jekyll and Hyde really has no motive to cause all of this death and suffering in the world, except for the fact that being in a high position could mean that you are suppressing your anger. This suppression is due to the fact that Jekyll's reputation as a doctor depends vastly on the actions that he has committed. So when his suppressed anger is let out it takes the form of Hyde. Although count Dracula is also in the same high position, his anger is not suppressed meaning that his anger is let out in arguably healthy ways. This reveals that there must be some kind of compromise between Jekyll's lack of anger and Dracula's excess of anger. Although in this case the writers seem to have different opinions on how to make the audience perceive their monsters, they both tried to deal with the same issues. The main similarity between Dracula and Jekyll and Hyde is that they try and reveal the anxieties of society at that time. They both tried to illustrate science going to far, in both of their novels. The ways in which both writers accomplish this are different but effective. The reasons for revealing anxieties, was not only to make the audience feel adrenaline but also to show them that such things were ridiculous to be afraid of. These two writers were not the only ones that tried to both revolutionize and be effective. As the signalmen was wrote. In the novel the Signalman Dickens describes the environment as having an â€Å"earthy, deadly smell†. This reveals us how like Stevenson's book that there is a super natural aspect to the plot of the story and that this brings in a mysterious presence into the story. Which leads the audience to ask what the super natural thing is. The product of this super naturalism is ambiguity. The effectiveness of ambiguity can be seen with in all three novels, as ambiguity is made to make the reader think and try to some sort of conclusion before the plot is revealed and all is clear. Another similarity between the characters in the play is that they are both conceived as short and hairy. This is to get the audience to imagine them having similarities to certain animals â€Å"ape like fury†. This may also illustrate another anxiety felt by society regarding people that were short, abnormal or hairy. Again this adds to the effectiveness and impact of each of the novels. Showing us how a combination of characters, plot, ambiguity and anxiety leads to the effectiveness and appeal to the audience of that era and era's to come. Although anxiety's and ambiguity maybe one of the many techniques for effect. The one, which is predominant, is tension. The writers' intentions are to use many different aspects of gothicness and expand on them, this is done so as to make audiences more vulnerable to the things around them† it was as if one had left the natural world†. All horror stories include tension so as to be affirmative that they can terrify and astound the audience in different and more realistic ways. All three novels have an essence of tension in them or else audiences may not of found them entertaining. The writers' all include a sense of ambiguity, so to create the tension as much as possible. On top of this they all present characters, unlike any other previously experienced, all of which have mysteriousness about them. An example of this is the Signalman. Within the Signalman the main character behaves in many paranormal ways. This suggests to the audience that he maybe suffering from either a problem regarding his eye or a problem that causes him to hallucinate the appearance of specters. Also the characteristics that I character holds also adds to both the originality and effectiveness of that character in the novels. In the Signalman the main character is portrayed as a wasted youth, student of natural philosophy . The effect of bringing new and previously unheard of characters, both astonishes the audience as well as adds to the originality of the horror story on the whole. A crucial aspect of every gothic novel is the questions left at the end. In the case of the Signalman a quote from Colridge revealed that it was â€Å"unclear what to conclude†. I think that the unanswered questions add to the thought process that the audience must go through. This reveals how having unclear endings leads to the audience being more assertive in what to rule out and what not to. Overall the fact that the audience has to actively think adds to the creation of tension through ambiguity. To conclude I think that the writers were all trying to adjust people's perception of what is scary and what is not. By making the plot and features of the novels vary they have accomplished in changing people's views and expectation, both in society and from gothic novels. Not only managing this they have also managed to ensure that a combination of features present in novels can lead to a book becoming effective. Whether from the characters or from the tension being built up via ambiguity and other devices used to build up tension. The effect of all of these is that it takes people to a place, which they rarely visit, that place being their fears. The purpose of such novels is to make people face up to their fears, which they previously haven't experienced or haven't encountered. This reveals what the writers intention were to take people out of their mundane lives and surprise and shock them with their horror novels.

Healthcare delivery compare and contrast Research Paper

Healthcare delivery compare and contrast - Research Paper Example outline the historical aspect of care delivery in the US for the preceding 100 years and recognize the changes in healthcare delivery that resulted from industry forces. Moreover, a comparison would be made between the past healthcare delivery methods or models and the recent ones in light of expected future changes in the research paper. Specially mentioning, one of the driving forces, which changed the overall healthcare system of the US, is the augmentation in healthcare expenditures. This extensive growth in healthcare expenses eventually restricted in offering quality care to the people belonging to the nation by a certain level. Apart from this, the other driving force, which changed the entire healthcare delivery system of the nation, is the advancements made in technology. Notably, diverse market forces are viewed to be challenging in making changes in the US healthcare segment. It is expected that the above framed driving forces would certainly make the US to realize about the significance of developing the healthcare segment, based on which effective care can be provided to the patients (Etheredge et. al., 2014). While determining the changes in healthcare delivery methods or models, it would be vital to mention that today’s healthcare is quite complex, which required to be upgraded for accomplishing intended targets. In this similar context, certain alterations particularly in healthcare delivery methods of the US have been apparently noted that resulted from diverse industry forces. These changes can be measured in the form of lessening both unnecessary as well as underutilization particularly of expensive resources, standardizing varied levels of quality of care and optimizing healthcare facilities among others (Conklin, 2002). In addition, the other changes include raising healthcare expenditures such as in terms of advancing healthcare delivery models or methods and effectively utilizing accessible resources among others. In recent times, the

Historical site visiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical site visiting - Essay Example Another identifiable element at the site is a mausoleum located on a hill. The mausoleum was named after its constructor, Austell. A lamp with marks from Atlanta’s bombing of the nineteenth century is also a feature of the site. The lamp is located near one of the site’s major graves. The cemetery is also identified with burials of prominent historic people in the locality. It is a resting place for a number of former local mayors (Oakland, p. 1). Diversity and stratification is another observable feature of the site. It is divided into sections, each with distinct characteristics. The most notable is the ‘Confederate’ area that is identified for burial of civil war soldiers. A monument, called ‘confederate obelisk’ that was established to mark the end of civil war, rest in the section. There is also an identifiable area with Jewish culture embedded in the graves’ designs. ‘Potter’s section’ and ‘black section’ are also identified sites of the cemetery that illustrate segregation on economic and racial basis. It is explained that the poor, who could not afford graveyards were buried at the potter’s section while the designated ‘black section’ is associated with the period of racial discrimination and was majorly for burial of blacks. A mass grave, associated with victims of yellow fever in the nineteenth century is also characteristic of the cemetery. The site is however not as active as in earlier period as many of the dated graves were used before the twenty first century (Oakland, p. 1). One of the strengths of the site is its preservation of history. Division of the cemetery into sections, each with distinct features communicates historical social stratification that was extended to the cemetery. Similarly, monuments that were established in the site preserves history of the events upon which they were developed (Oakland, p. 1). The cemetery’s sight also communicates weaknesses. Lack or repair and

HR and performance, High-performance work system and big data Assignment

HR and performance, High-performance work system and big data - Assignment Example Many top organisational behaviour specialists believe that it can be relied on to provide companies that adopt it with a reliable and sustainable competitive edge. Given the popularity and endurance of the concept, it is understandable that it should be seen as a revolutionary method of handling human resources. In addition, quite a number or retrospective and contemporary studies posit that the effect of HRM on job satisfaction and, by extension, organisational performance is positive. However, this is not universal; some studies have portrayed job satisfaction as a primary mediator between HRM practices and organisational performance. On the other hand, others postulate that the implementation of HR practices is associated with increased levels of work intensity, which can translate into better performance but not necessarily higher job satisfaction (Green, 2004). There have also been claims that HRM practices that are adopted as part of high performance work system are not either designed to increase job satisfaction or tend not to have that effect (Appelbaum, 2002). However, some scholars have speculated that HRM tends to impact on separate components of job satisfaction such as a sense of achievement or contentment with ones pay (Green, 2006). However, what cannot be disputed is the fact that, despite the common assumption that HPWS are good for business, many organisations have failed to apply or implement them. This begs the question: If it is that good, why do more people not use it? A great deal has been written about the HPWS in HMR literature, however, despite this, little attention is given to it individually even though it concerns organisational economic; critical area in general economics. High performance work systems can be defined as high involvement or commitment organisations; these use a distinctive managerial approach to facilitate performance

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and Existential Psychology Essay

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and Existential Psychology - Essay Example Freud thinks that the human mind is made up of three components—the id, the ego, and the superego. Through his actual experience with mentally ill individuals, Freud realized that unconscious needs and childhood experiences determine behavioral patterns. From these observations, Freud created a theory that portrayed development in the form of psychosexual stages. Freud’s theory explains that as children grow or mature, they move through psychosexual stages. At every stage, the pleasure-oriented drive of the libido is concentrated on a specific body part. The effective completion of every stage results in a stable, strong personality later in life. But if a conflict stays unsettled at any specific stage, the person may stay absorbed or trapped at that specific developmental stage (Mitchell & Black 49). An obsession may arise. For instance, an individual with an ‘oral obsession’ is thought to be trapped at the oral developmental stage. Indications of an oral obsession may involve too much dependence on oral activities like eating or smoking (Cavell 214). Freud believes that conflicts in every stage can have a permanent impact on behavior and personality (Guntrip 33). ... Freud’s psychoanalytic theory had a massive influence on twentieth-century knowledge, influencing the field of psychology and mental health. Although a large number of his ideas are criticized or treated with skepticism nowadays, his impact on or contribution to psychology is unquestionable. Psychoanalytic theory was very influential at the time and until now. Those influenced by the ideas of Freud tried to expand his theory and create their own. The theories of Erik Erikson, who is considered a neo-Freudian, have been possibly the most widely recognized. Erikson’s psychosocial development stages explain change and progress all over the lifespan, placing emphasis on conflicts and social relations that emerge during each stage of development (Guntrip 29). One of the Freudian psychoanalytic concepts that was very influential was the structure of personality—the id, the ego, and the superego. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the mind is composed of two major components—the unconscious and conscious. The unconscious part involves all those external to an individual’s awareness, such as memories, impulses, desires, and aspirations that reside outside the awareness but keep on affecting behavior. On the contrary, the conscious part involves those things that an individual is aware of (Mitchell & Black 48). Freud thinks that the mind is like an iceberg. The visible part of the iceberg, which is the tip, comprises only a small fraction of the mind, while the massive portion of submerged ice embodies the much bigger unconscious part. Besides these two key portions of the mind, Freud classifies human personality into three key parts—the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the basic component of personality that

Torqueville's and Stowe's perception of race-relations furing Essay

Torqueville's and Stowe's perception of race-relations furing Pre-civil War Era - Essay Example So from the sociological theorist’s perspective, he has to carefully deplore the practice of slavery after a thorough examination of its role in the country’s economy, culture and politics. Therefore, Tocqueville’s stance about slavery seems to be often confusing and critical, though his statements i.e. â€Å"I am moved at the spectacle of man's degradation by man, and I hope to see the day when the law will grant equal civil liberty to all the inhabitants of the same empire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tocqueville 45), â€Å"An old and sincere friend of America, I am uneasy at seeing Slavery retard her progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tocqueville 56) seem to be an anti-racist’s proclamation against the racism and the evil of slavery in American society. A deep sociopolitical and cultural assessment of the African-American minority in the racially segregated white society has convinced him to believe that the assimilation of the Negroes into the mainstream of the society, as o pposed to the American Indians, was almost impossible. Indeed Tocqueville’s prediction of the African Americans future has been summarized in the following lines: If I were called upon to predict the future, I should say that the abolition of slavery in the South will in the common course of things, increase the repugnance of the white population for the blacks. I base this opinion upon the analogous observation I have already made in the North. I have remarked that the white inhabitants of the North avoid the Negroes with increasing care in proportion as the legal barriers of separation are removed by the legislature; and why should not the same result take place in the South? (Tocqueville 68) At this point, Stowe vehemently opposes Tocqueville’s belief. For her, since Christianity, being the religion of the majority of American society, is very much incompatible with the perpetuating inhumanity of slavery, it could lapse the divide between the races and bring them on the same platform of humanity. But Stowe has failed to address how a community, which has been detached from the age-old traditions and culture, would assimilate into a culture which has been an oppressive reality so far. Possibly her faith in Christianity’s as well as humanity’s ability to dispense the socio-cultural gap between the communities provokes her to depict Uncle Tom as a devout Christian and a man, driven by humanity, who could risk his life for the sake of a white girl Eva. Further Stowe’s faith in Christianity’s ability to repel the evil of slavery is expressed in Mrs. Bird’s speech: â€Å"I don’t know anything about politics, but I can read my Bible; and there I see that I must feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and comfort the desolate; and that Bible I mean to follow.† (Stowe 78) Though Stowe’s prediction of a race-blind society upon the basis of Christian humanity seems to be a fallacy, it was a powerhouse of moral strength for the abolitionist to wither the brutal tyranny from the white people’s part and to free the black people to take any course of assimilation they might choose. Obviously, the Civil War, the Reconstruction and the

English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Legal System - Essay Example These rights are classified as 1. Right to life 2. Prohibition of torture 3. Prohibition of slavery and forced labour 4. Right to liberty and security 5. Right to a fair trial 6.No punishment without law 7. Right to respect for private and family life 8.Freedom of thought, conscience and religion 9.Freedom of expression 10. Freedom of assembly and association 12.Right to marry 13.Prohibition of discrimination 14.Restrictions on political activity of alien's 15.Prohibition of abuse of rights 16.Limitation on use of restrictions on rights. The new Act has not altered the powers of the judiciary as against the legislature and executive but brought the English law on par with the other nations in the world who recognized and give prominence to the Human rights. By bringing this act into force the English law established that the government is to protect the Human rights of the individuals and there fore brought the actions of public sector, local government and social and health care departments within the ambit of the act. From the date its inception all the statues made are subject to the scrutiny of the Act. That is to say all the Acts and Rules shall comply the provision of the New Act. The human rights enumerated in the new act are not new to any democratic country. These rights are protected either directly or indirectly through some machinery. Similarly prior to this new act the United Kingdom too protecting these rights through European Court of Human Rights, since it is a member of the Council of Europe and the laws of European Court which guarantees the Human rights are binding on United kingdom. The new act brings into its ambit all the central, and local government authorities such as National Health Service, Inland Revenue and police. And the acts of the non-government bodies ranging up to private nursing homes and Telecommunications,. The act does not spare the action of the private individuals impinging the rights more specifically protecting the children, who are subjected to torture from their parents in the process of imposing the discipline. The act maintained the perfect balance by imposing the responsibilities too on the persons to maintain the peace on the principle of one's liberty should not jeopardize the rights of the others. Powers of the court under the act: 1. Power to scrutiny the administrative actions of the public authorities. Under the Act court have been vested with the power to scrutiny the administrative actions and to restrain such authorities from misuse and improper use of their administrative powers when they are violating by acting in contravention of the Human rights enumerated under the act. With this power the court can safeguard the individuals from the inhuman treatment, discrimination, Privacy to property etc. 2. The act does not give absolute powers to the courts. As the law of land which is known as the Constitution of such nation, is supreme in all respect the Act too considered the same and maintained pride of the legislature by not giving over riding powers to the courts in this Act on the enactments made by the legislature. The act allows the public authorities to implement the law made by the Parliament in spite that it is infringing the rights. But keeping

How to establish the communication Essay Example for Free

How to establish the communication Essay Everyone has different needs and styles in which they communicate. There are also many different ways in which we may establish these communication needs, wishes and preferences. A good way to begin to understand a patient’s needs, wishes and preferences is to read their notes and history’s to see if this contains any relevant information. For example, if I read that a patient has hearing problems, I would then know to make sure that I speak to the patient clearly and slowly and look at them so they can read my lips. Other ways to establish communication needs, wishes and preferences is by interacting with the patient and through conversation I learn how to best communicate with the patient. It is also important to remember to be clear and concise in all forms of communication, especially when working with people with learning disabilities, where they might get confused if I speak too quickly or use too complex language. It may benefit, if this is the case, to use your body language to help explain what you are trying to say and to emphasise the tone of the conversation. Also, pictures can be used to help the patient and myself understand. For example, one of my patients uses cards that display what emotions they are feeling, they will use these to communicate how they are feeling. In the past, I have worked with a patient who is deaf. For me to establish what her needs were, I first spoke to the nurse in charge and they informed me she was deaf, however, could sign or write things down. As I could not sign, our preferred form of communication was writing, which after spending time together worked quite well.

Project plan for esso supermarket

Project plan for esso supermarket I have to create a project plan for a Deferent branch for a Esso Supermarket. This involve import all necessary hardware likes computers for check out stations, mobile barcode readers for scanning the prices and relabeling them for any reduced price offers etc. It has been said that the building infrastructure already exists and is developed by local builder. However, i need to develop a plan that incorporates all electrical, plumbing and networking. All these tasks are done by electrician, plumber and network engineer; each and every cost  £200,  £250 and  £300 a day correspondingly. Major tasks include getting the quotations from different vendors, comparing the prices and deciding the specs and vendor, ordering the checkout stations, cabling, physically installing the checkout stations, putting the LAN cables and connecting all the checkout stations to the network and finally installing all the required software for the system. I need one week to decide the specification and get it approves by our top management. Vendors usually its take two to three weeks to get you the order delivered. Assume all check out stations hardware, mobile barcode readers are supplying by one vendor. However, the air conditioning units are supplying by a different vendor and takes up to two weeks. Cabling work is done by a network engineer and installation of air conditioning units is done by a contractor. These jobs may take a maximum of 3 working days. After all hardware is in its place, all the software must be is required to be installed. This takes a maximum of 5 working days. This has done by internal IT staff member from the head office. We had already that all required software is available and ready to be installed. As the store is largest , we decided to buy 30 checkout stations, each of which include a monitor, keyboard, card (magnetic stripe) reader, bar code reader, digital weighing scale, printer, pin and chip card reader, conveyor belt system etc. Each check out station would normally cost  £1000. Twenty air conditioning units, 10 freezers to store frozen food are also necessary. Air conditioning units and freezers cost  £500 and  £750 respectively. Two security systems be installed at each of the two entrances. This cost  £1000 each unit. Hardware staff cost  £300 per day. There are 2 hardware specialists working on the project. The budget for this project is  £150,000. Base on this Scope as project manager i have to develop the Esso supermarket Period of three months if i finished early my teem get eligible to get bones 1. Identifying the most important tasks A) Collecting quotation from Various Vendors B) Compare the prices range and decide the specs C) Order the checkout station D) Plumbing E) Electrical F) LAN Cables G) Networking H) Installing all the request soft ware This main project can be divided into major 5 tasks. Under this major task there will be several sub tasks which will be executes one after another and parallel according to the project need. 1) Initiating This is the first phase of the project. Here the project formally commencing between the project sponsor and the project manager. Here first kick off meeting will be initiated here the outline of the project will be discussed and the detailed project charter will be formally developed. After developing the project charter the project manager will review the key points with project sponsor and finalise the project with project sponsor. 2) Planning Here the project planning will be started. Before the actual project implementation the project should be well planned in every area of execution. Here the project manager develop a comprehensive project plan this includes the project scope, project objectives, the project deadlines, project quality plan, project communication and project configuration plan this will be outline the roles and responsibility of the individual people. This plan will be sent to the project sponsor approval and review after make necessary changes and finally accepting the project plane. 3) Executing Here the actual project implementation starts. Before the project implementation the required hardware, software and other equipments had to be purchased. So the project behalf of the Esso supermarket is decided to develop a RFP (Request for proposal) and decided to call for the proposal from the different supplier and then review the capabilities of each supplier and then short listed some of the very famous supplier in UK. Thereafter the interview has been concluded and the final vendors are selected and the price and the after sales services arrangement were negotiated and the project contract is signed. After that the vendors are in different time periods they send all the necessary hardware and equipments to the site. The electric cable wiring and the electric circuit installations were done in the site. The main plumbing has been done from plumbers and order to install the air condition and the freezers. After that the computer local area network is done by network engineers an d all the connection were connected then the checkout stations were installed. After this the security cameras were installed at the stores. Then the required software is installed after this check the functionality with SRS and reviews any changes. Then the user or new staffs are s recruited and given the training 4) Controlling Controlling the system is done by in the way of continues status report and monitoring the progress review meetings. 5) Closing After the project is implemented the project post analysis is done and checks whether the actual project milestones were achieved 2. Identify the order the tasks (Top-to-Bottom) To setup a new superstore branch Electrical   Electric cable Wiring   Electric cable Wiring   Electric cabling designing   Freezers, Air Conditions   Computers, security cameras   Checkout Stations Purchasing Hardware Implementation Outsourcing application Analysis Design Closing Post Analysis Review Progress Review Meeting    Status Report Project Plan approved and baseline Review Project Plan Develop Project Plan Devolve project scope Controlling Develop Project Charter Kick-off meeting Charter signed Executing Review Project Charter Initiating Planning   Air condition plumbing Plumbing   Freezers Plumbing Local Area Network Designing   Local Area Network Till Installations   LAN Cable Wiring   Install Check out work stations   Implementing Application Software   Data Wiring connecting all Checkout Stations   Air Condition Installation   Installing freezers   User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Install Software Review SRS Install Security camera   2.1 Low level detail task (Finish-to-Start, Parallel) 1 Initiating 2 Kick-off meeting 3 Develop Project Charter 2 4 Review Project Charter 3 5 Charter Signed 4 6 Planning 7 Devolve project scope 5 8 Develop Project Plan (Quality, Communication, Configuration) 7 9 Review Project Plan 8 10 Project Plan approved and baseline 9 11 Executing 12 Analysis and Design 13 Prepare RFP 9 14 Sourcing 15 Call for Proposals 13 16 Review Proposals 15 17 Shortlist Suppliers 16 18 Negotiate Select Supplier 17 19 Prepare Contract 18 20 Implementation 21 Purchasing Hardware 22 Purchase Checkout Station 19 23 Purchase Computers and all other accessories 22 24 Purchase Air condition 23 25 Purchase Freezers 24 26 Purchase Security Camera 25 27 Electrical 28 Electric cabling designing 22 29 Electric cable Wiring 23 30 Electric fittings 25 31 Plumbing 32 Air condition plumbing 28 33 Freezers Plumbing 28 34 Local Area Network Till Installations 35 Local Area Network Designing 33 36 LAN Cable Wiring 35 37 Install Check out work stations 36 38 Data Wiring Connecting all Checkout Stations 37 39 Air Condition Installation 32 40 Installing freezers 32 41 Install Security System 37 42 Implementing Application Software 43 Install Software 37 44 Review SRS 43 45 User Acceptance Testing (UAT) 44 46 recruit user User Training 45 47 Controlling 48 Status Report 46 49 Progress Review Meeting with Management 48 50 Closing 51 Post Analysis Review 49 Serial Tasks or Finish-to-start Parallel Task According to above detail task the blue colour task shows the serial tasks which a particular task will start when another task is finish (Finish-Start). The yellow colour tasks are the parallel task which can be executed simultaneously at a same time. In the above question there are 5 major task been divided into sub tasks as it is shown above task list. Task number 10 11 will be parallel executed after the task 9 is completed. Task number 23 28 will be parallel executed after the task 22 is completed. Similarly the task number 26 30 will be parallel executed after the task number 25 is finished. The task 32 33 will be parallel executed similarly after the task number 28. The task 39 40 will be parallel executed similarly after the task number 32. Finally the task 41 43 will be parallel executed similarly after the task number 37. 3. Risk Matrix The following risk matrix shows the level of risk which affects the project. High R6 R2, R3 significant R5 R8 Moderate R7 R1, R4 Low R10 Probability Low Moderate Significant High Impact Risk = probability x impact R1: Inefficient staff R2: Shortfalls in externally supplied equipments R3: Staff sickness affecting critical activities R4: Shortfalls in contract employed staff R5: Failure of checkout workstation R6: Failure of electricity network R7: Failure of Local area Network equipment R8: Staff unhappy with the payment. R9: Defect in Software Application R10: Mistake in Plumbing design 4. Total Time taken to finish the superstore to up and operational Initiating 5d Mon 06/09/10 Fri 10/09/10 Project preparation 1d Mon 06/09/10 Mon 06/09/10 Develop Project Charter 1d Tue 07/09/10 Tue 07/09/10 Review Project Charter 1d Wed 08/09/10 Wed 08/09/10 Charter Signed 2d Thu 09/09/10 Fri 10/09/10 Planning 9d Mon 13/09/10 Thu 23/09/10 Devolve project scope 3d Mon 13/09/10 Wed 15/09/10 Develop Project Plan (Quality, Communication, Configuration) 2d Thu 16/09/10 Fri 17/09/10 Review Project Plan 2d Mon 20/09/10 Tue 21/09/10 Project Plan approved and baseline 2d Wed 22/09/10 Thu 23/09/10 Executing 51d Fri 24/09/10 Fri 03/12/10 Analysis and Design 4d Fri 24/09/10 Wed 29/09/10 Prepare RFP 4d Fri 24/09/10 Wed 29/09/10 Sourcing 9d Thu 30/09/10 Tue 12/10/10 Call for Proposals 1d Thu 30/09/10 Thu 30/09/10 Review Proposals 1d Fri 01/10/10 Fri 01/10/10 Shortlist Suppliers 1d Mon 04/10/10 Mon 04/10/10 Negotiate Select Supplier 3d Tue 05/10/10 Thu 07/10/10 Prepare Contract 3d Fri 08/10/10 Tue 12/10/10 Implementation 37d Wed 13/10/10 Thu 02/12/10 Purchasing Hardware 28d Wed 13/10/10 Fri 19/11/10 Purchase Checkout Station 5d Wed 13/10/10 Tue 19/10/10 Purchase Computers and all other accessories 1w Mon 01/11/10 Fri 05/11/10 Purchase Air condition And all other accessories 3d Mon 08/11/10 Wed 10/11/10 Purchase Freezers And all other accessories 3d Thu 11/11/10 Mon 15/11/10 Purchase Security System and all other accessories 4d Tue 16/11/10 Fri 19/11/10 Electrical 24d Wed 20/10/10 Mon 22/11/10 Electric cabling designing 5d Wed 20/10/10 Tue 26/10/10 Electric cable Wiring 2w Mon 08/11/10 Fri 19/11/10 Electric fittings 5d Tue 16/11/10 Mon 22/11/10 Plumbing 7d Wed 27/10/10 Thu 04/11/10 Air condition plumbing 5d Wed 27/10/10 Tue 02/11/10 Freezers Plumbing 3d Wed 27/10/10 Fri 29/10/10 Aircondition cabling 2d Mon 01/11/10 Tue 02/11/10 Freezer cabling 2d Wed 03/11/10 Thu 04/11/10 Local Area Network Till Installations 27d Wed 27/10/10 Thu 02/12/10 Local Area Network Designing 1d Fri 05/11/10 Fri 05/11/10 LAN Cable Wiring 5d Mon 08/11/10 Fri 12/11/10 Install Chck out work stations 5d Mon 15/11/10 Fri 19/11/10 Data Wiring Connecting all Checkout Stations 5d Mon 22/11/10 Fri 26/11/10 Air Condition Installation 3d Wed 27/10/10 Fri 29/10/10 Installing freezers 3d Wed 27/10/10 Fri 29/10/10 Install Security System 4d Mon 29/11/10 Thu 02/12/10 Implementing Application Software 10d Mon 22/11/10 Fri 03/12/10 Install Software 5d Mon 22/11/10 Fri 26/11/10 Review SRS 2d Mon 29/11/10 Tue 30/11/10 User Acceptance Testing (UAT) 2d Wed 01/12/10 Thu 02/12/10 recruit user User Training 1d Fri 03/12/10 Fri 03/12/10 Controlling 2d Mon 06/12/10 Tue 07/12/10 Status Report 1d Mon 06/12/10 Mon 06/12/10 Progress Review Meeting with Management 1d Tue 07/12/10 Tue 07/12/10 Closing 1d Wed 08/12/10 Wed 08/12/10 Post Analysis Review 1d Wed 08/12/10 Wed 08/12/10 According to the working the super store will be finished and up and running on the 24th of Dec2010. This date is well inside the 3 month target period. 5) Establish the labour costs and provide a work breakdown structure and contain these costs. The WBS have to contents a estimates and mirrored on the work breakdown structure and have to be capable of rolling-up to show the overall cost of the project and the individual cost of each sub deliverables Develop a work breakdown structure for the hardware tasks which have tangible outcoming and a (PBS) process breakdown structure for those tasks which are process oriented. We can link the two structures, i.e. WBS and PBS so one project manager can manage the project or do you have other suggestions? The Total Labour Cost for this Project  £ 53,400 All Details Attach on Appendix 1 The Total Materials Cost for this Project  £ 51,500 All Details Attach on Appendix 2 Total Direct cost  £ 104,900 Assuming the Direct Overhead cost and General and Administration Cost from the total Direct cost Total Direct Cost  £ 104,900 Direct Over head cost 20%  £ 20,980 Total Direct Cost  £ 125,880 General and administrative (GA) over head cost 20%  £ 20,980 Total Cost  £ 146,860 Profit  £ 3,140 Total BID  £ 150,000 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5.1 Labour Cost WBS Labour Cost  £ 53,400 Air Condition Installation  £ 2000 Contractor  £2000 Install Security System  £ 600 Installing freezers  £ 600 LAN Cable Wiring  £ 1200 Air condition plumbing  £1200 Electric cable wiring  £3000 Hard Ware Staff  £6600 Install Check out work stations  £ 4200 Install Security System  £ 1200 Data Wiring  £ 8400 LAN Cable Wiring  £ 6000 Local Area Network  £ 600 Freezers Caballing  £ 1200 Air condition caballing  £ 1200 Net work Engineer  £ 25200 Plumber  £6000 Freezers Plumbing  £3000 Air condition plumbing  £ 3000 Install Security camera  £ 400 Data Wiring  £ 800 Electric fittings  £ 3200 Electric cabling designing  £ 1600 Electric cable wiring  £ 7200 Electric cabling designing  £ 1600 Electrician  £13600 Hard Ware Task 5.2 Hardware WBS Install Security System Install Security System LAN Cabling LAN Cable Wiring Freezers Plumbing Freezer Cabling Air-condition Air condition plumbing Electric cable Wiring A/C Electric Cabling Freezers pipe lining Pipe lining to A/C Electric cable Wiring Freezer Fixing The Security System on suitable place Under Floor LAN Lining Electric cable wiring for Check out station 6. Develop a project plan using Project 2007 6.1 WBS using Project 2007 6.2 GANN Chart using Project 2007 6.3 Network Diagram using Project 2007 7. Organisational Breakdown Structure (OBS) The OBS provides an organizational rather than a task-based perspective of the project.   The hierarchical structure of the OBS allows the aggregation of project information to higher levels when project responsibilities are defined. An OBS might include the Project Manager at the top of the structure with Internal IT team, Building team l feeding into the Project manager. Each of the responsible team would have staff/staffs responsible for that organization. Pictorially, the structure might resemble this. This Performing Department level is where the responsibility and resources needed to accomplish. Project Manager Internal IT Team Tea Building Team Electrical Staff Tea Plumbing Staffs Tea Software staffs Tea Hardware Staffs Tea Network staff Tea 8. Critical path analysis The critical analyse made from Project 2007 the following red colour task were shown in the Gann chart. The Critical Path is follows as Kick-off meeting -> Develop Project Charter -> Review Project Charter -> Charter Signed -> Devolve project scope -> Develop Project Plan -> Review Project Plan -> Project Plan approved and baseline -> Prepare RFP -> Call for Proposals -> Review Proposals -> Shortlist Suppliers -> Negotiate Select Supplier -> Prepare Contract -> Purchase Checkout Station -> Electric cabling designing -> Freezers Plumbing -> Air-condition cabling -> Freezer cabling -> Local Area Network Designing -> LAN Cable Wiring -> Install Check out work stations -> Install Software -> Review SRS -> User Acceptance Testing (UAT) -> Status Report -> Progress Review Meeting with Management -> Post Analysis Review Main Problem is in the task number between 22 and 26. If the outside vender is not supply the equipment then the whole project will get delay 9. Responsibility matrix. The following matrix shows the responsibly of each Role and Responsibilities: Project Sponsor Project Manager System Engineer Network Engineer IT executive Plumbing staff Electrical staff Allocation of funds R P Overall supervision P Project Management R Analysis Design p   p Plumbing R Electricity cabling R   R Purchasing Hardware   R R P P Data/Power Wiring Hardware Installation R R R R R R Implementing Application Software R R R R R R Status Report P R R Quality Assurance R R R R R R R R R R R Acceptance   R P P Responsibility -R Participation -P 10. Reference Kamaran Saqib(2008), Class Notes. Clifford F. Gray and Erik W.Larson(2008), Project Management, the managerial process, (4th edn), McGraw-Hill International Edition. Schwalbe K.(2005), Information Technology Project Management, (4th edn), Thomson course technology. Appendix Appendix 3 Building planning Air Conditions Check out station Security System Freezers Network Cabling and Electric Caballing Plumbing and Electric Caballing 4 8 10 9 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 5 3 6 7 14 15 11 10 8 4 188 19 21 1 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 17 16 12 8 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 3 1 9 11 12 13 1000 2 4 14 15 16 20 19 18 17 4 14 15 11 10 188 19 21 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 17 16 12 8 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

Determination of Diastereoselectivity Experiment

Determination of Diastereoselectivity Experiment Jackson Nguyen Determination of Diastereoselectivity using Thermodynamic vs. Kinetic Controlled Reduction Procedures: A Reduction of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone Introduction: The goal in this experiment was to oxidize 4-t-butylcyclohexanol to 4-t-butylcyclohexanone and reduce back to the original compound. Additionally, the goal was to analyze the ratio of the diastereomers and dictate the reasoning behind the ratios. Theory: In this experiment, three reactions total were performed. One of which was oxidation, and the other two were reduction. The overall result in this experiment was that 4-t-butylcyclohexanol was oxidized and reduced back to an alcohol through two different reactions that gave the same products. In order to oxidize 4-t-butylcyclohexanol, sodium hypochlorite was used, along with acetic acid. Acetic acid was used to protonate the hypochlorite which would then protonate the alcohol group of the reactant. As a result, the hydroxyl group with the extra hydrogen became a great leaving group, allowing hypochlorite, a nucleophile, to attack. This allowed a base, such as water, to deprotonate a hydrogen and create a double bond with the oxygen bond, which allowed the chlorine to leave. Overall, this reaction produced 4-t-butylcyclohexanone as the product. After the oxidized product was created, two different types of reduction were used to reduce the product created from oxidation. Two reagents used in each reduction reaction were sodium borohydride and aluminum isopropoxide. Both reagents would create similar products; however, the ratios of diastereomers were different. For sodium borohydride, the hydrogen would attack the carbonyl of 4-t-butylcyclohexonone and create a negative oxygen. Ethanol would act as a proton source in the solution and protonate the oxygen, which created a hydroxyl group. On the other hand, the reduction reaction that involved aluminum isopropoxide had a different mechanism. The carbonyl group of the 4-t-butylcyclohexonone would attack the partial positive aluminum due to the electronegativity of the oxygen. A hydrogen would attack the double bond of the carbonyl group and carry electrons over and allow the oxygen to have two pairs of electrons. As a result, the bulky group of the reactant would leave by an addition of hydrogen to the molecule, which created 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. Overall, both different reagents provided the same results. However, the ratio of diastereomers was determined by the structure of the reagents. In order convert the carbonyl group into an alcohol, a bond must be formed at 107Â ° angle. By looking at the structure of the hexane ring, the molecule can be attacked at two different sides. On one side, there were hydrogen that can provide steric hindrance; whereas, the other side would be free. Aluminum isopropoxide was a bulky group that will not likely to attack the 4-t-butylcyclohexanone at the side that has hydrogen. Hence, it would attack the side that had greater room. As a result, there was a higher ratio of an axial attack, compared to an equatorial attack of hydrogen. On the other hand, sodium borohydride was not a bulky group; thus, the ratio of axial and equatorial attacks would be more equal. Mechanism: Results: Part A: Part B: Part C: Discussion: The three reactions completed during the experiment were successful. By doing a TLC test every several minutes helped indicate the completion of the reactions and ensured that no reactant were present. The first two parts that required TLC testing showed the comparison between the starting material and the reaction mixture. Since TLC was based on polarity and the distance traveled, the completion of the reaction were focused on the distance of the spots and whether the initial spot disappeared after the reaction took place. The two main compounds were 4-t-butylcyclohexanol and 4-t-butylcyclohexanone. In order to analyze these two compounds, the polarity between them was different. The former compound had an alcohol group that was able to form hydrogen bonds; whereas, the latter compound cannot. Therefore, the former compound was more polar than the latter. In the case of the TLC testing, 4-t-butylcyclohexanone that was created from oxidation in part A, would travel farthe r on the TLC plate. Indicated in the data obtained, no reactant was left after the reaction, which indicated the completion of oxidation. On the other hand, the TLC test in Part B showed the same result. The product, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol was expected to travel less due to its polarity. Also, the final result showed that no reactant was present, indicated by the absence of the spot compared to the spot of the starting material. On another note, isopropyl alcohol was used to eliminate the excess of hypochlorite in Part A. By reacting hypochlorite and isopropyl alcohol, acetone and water were produced. Hence, hypochlorite was used to oxidize isopropyl alcohol in order to create acetone, which was a solvent that would interfere with the reaction; thus, it provided no harm and affect the results. The percent yield was decent for part A and was low for Part B and C. Possible reasoning for this could be that the products were lost during the extraction. It was not likely that the issue resided in the reaction itself because TLC testing indicated that all the reactants were used up. Hence, it was more likely that the extraction process may account for the loss of products. On another note, the ratio of trans/cis of the commercially obtained alcohol mixture seemed to be 1:3. Additionally, the standard ratios of the stereoisomers were almost the same compared to the HNMR spectrums obtained from the experiment. Since the ratio was 1:3, the method most likely used to synthesize the 4-t-butylcyclohexanol was the Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley Reduction. Sources of Errors: No major errors occurred during the experiment. One possible error that may account for the low recover of product would be the extraction. The extraction process went too fast, which may cause some products to be lost in the aqueous layer. However, the aqueous layer was extracted once more, which can minimize the loss of products. This was a possibility. Conclusion and Future Experiments: The results from the experiment concluded that Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley Reduction was the method used to synthesize the commercially obtained 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. Additionally, the products from reactions were successfully obtained from the completed reactions. Future experiments would include multiple attempts of the reactions in order to obtain a higher yield. Although, the results concluded the exact method used, more HNMR spectrums from additional experiments would provide credibility.

Censorship of Music Essay -- social issues

Censorship of Music In today's society, all types of music artists are expressing their views, opinions and feelings in their songs about what they see and what they know. This is on of the great things about this country, the freedom to express yourself. It is not fair, nor is it constitutional that music should be censored in anyway. It is not only rap music trying to be censored it is in all types of music. They are taking away their rights and it isn't fair. As reported in the New York Times. "Wall-Mart CD standards are Changing Pop Music", Wal-Mart and other large department stores sell CD's by your favorite artists which are not what your favorite artists originally created. Some retailers refuse to carry CDs with "Parental Advisory Stickers", a few also go as far as to make it known to labels and artists that if the CD comes to their shelves with a "dirty" word, a "controversial" cover, or an "explicit" lyric it will not be allowed on the shelves. Some of the artists include Nirvana, Beck, John Mellencamp and the list goes on. (Internet ultratnet) The most recent case involving Wal-Mart and censorship, was the new Sheryl Crow album. A song on the album which lashes the company for selling guns that end up in the wrong hands as caused the company to ban the album in stores. (Schruers 64) Delores Tucker, William Bennett, Senator Joseph Lieberman, and Senator Sam Nunn held a press conference in Washington D.C. The message: censor obscene music and censor "pro-drug lyrics". These censors announced their plan to pressure major record companies to discontinue production of what they called "obscene" music and music which contains " blatantly pro-drug lyrics. All of the CDs targeted as "obscene" already carry RIAA Parental Advisory Labels. Parents are already provided with the information they need if they choose to monitor their children's musical selections. Discontinuing production of this music takes the freedom of expression away form everyone- musicians and fans of every age. (Internet ultranet) The increas ing controversy surrounding rap music, with its rough-edged lyrics about sex and violence, has prompted two very different responses from black oriented radio stations in New York and Los Angeles. Two stations WBLS New York and KACE in Los Angeles, have announced they wont play the roughest and most offensive songs. A third station WPWR opted... ... of their age. I always tell them that if you want to keep listening to the music that you enjoy, starting today you have to learn to fight back. If you don't fight for your own freedom, no one is going to give it to you". (Internet xnet). Morello believes and I agree, speech and expression are being shackled in the U.S., and she puts much of the blame on the current political climate. " Cenosorship is coming down now harder then it has before. " she says. " Look at the Congress we have, trying to take funds away from the National Endowment for the arts, trying to kill public television. They must be living in the Dark Ages." (Internet xnet). After reaserching music censorship and supporting anti-censorship organizations, I realize that there is much wrok to be done to get free speech. There will always be someone or some group to stand aganist what you believe. I think the only way to really gain full freedom of speech is to fight and not give up. I think that the more people realize that rights are being violated, the more people will support the anit-censorship groups. I believe that people who do support these groups should really get involved. It is the only way we can win.

Convention and Realism in Henry James’ Washington Square Essay

Convention and Realism in Henry James’ Washington Square Realism, as described by William Dean Howells in the late nineteenth century, replaces the high art and style of the literature of the preceding decades by permitting such characters as Howells' Silas Lapham to have a distinct place in the pantheon of American literary characters. Fervently, Howells invoked the "truth" of the realist genre, writing, "ŒLet it portray men and women as they are, actuated by the motives and the passions in the measure we all know...let it speak the dialect, the language, that most Americans know - the language of unaffected people everywhere'" (Fictions of the Real, 188). This impassioned phrase, apparently invoking the importance of characters such as Silas Lapham, indicates the emergence of a gritty language, an "unaffected" dialect. Such a marker for realism connotes not the stories of Howell or James, but rather the coarse, common language of the masses as found in the pages of Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Howells' call for realism encompasses such literary giants as Henry James, but does not necessarily describe them. Both Howells and James, though utterly invested in "the motives and passions" of the human race, still rely and stylistic and social conventions in their novels. James, most especially, combines high art and society with a new conception of realism - one that removes the mask from the self-proclaimed moralism of the upper classes and demonstrates their hopes and failures in the very light of truth-telling fiction. While Howells' realism was "romantic" in that he permitted "respectability to censor his observations and insights" (Trachtenberg, 191) and allowed his characters to fall into the miasma of what he believed to ... ...mes, 39). James, rather than resorting to the later bitter, gritty realist tactics of Drieser, stays enmeshed in the conventions of society while experimenting with realist conceptions of character. Though the novel caters to the "good taste of the gentlefolk" (Trachtenberg, 182) through its nod to societal norms and customs, James' characters, most especially Catherine Sloper, indicate the emergence of a new reality of "an authentic and original being" (Bell, 38) - a being of lost hopes with the ragged edges of "truth uncompromisingly told." Works Cited Millicent Bell, "Style as Subject Washington Square," in Sewanee Review (vol. 83, 1985). Henry James, Washington Square (London: Penguin Classics, 1986). Alan Trachtenberg, "Fictions of the Real," in The Incorporation of America: Culture & Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).

BP Solar

BP has responded through its thin film photovoltaic cells designed to reduce manufacturing costs towards a level at which solar energy will become economically competitive compared with other energy sources. As BP's Energy Commission chairman stated: â€Å"Our goal is to eliminate the ‘Catch 22' faced by producers of renewable technologies†¦without the promise of volume sales, there is little incentive for a company to make the investments that could bring down costs and make these products commercially viable on a large scale† (Chambers, 1998, p. ). BP Solar has invested some $200 million in solar power between 1996 and 2002, which has helped it build an 18 percent market share. It has launched a large advertising campaign in the US where it puts renewable energy at the fore of its offering. However, this was heavily criticised by Fortune Magazine (2002) bearing in mind its renewable energy business was worth just $1 billion compared to BP's total value of ? 115% billion (Murphy, 2002). Like Shell Renewables, BP Solar does not state how it will innovate to achieve its goals. However, unlike Shell Renewables strategy of joint ventures and acquisitions, BP Solar implements its strategy simply through large investments into its own manufacturing processes. According to Porter (1985): â€Å"The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its environment† (p. 3) in relation to the industry or industries in which it competes. This leads companies to choose one of three generic strategies – low cost, differentiation or focus – which will help them to form competitive, profitable positions within the industry. To understand the low-cost strategies that both SBUs adopted, a formal PEST and five forces analysis of the SBUs (see Appendices III and IV), the key drivers for change and critical success factors (CSFs) for the industry (Appendix V) are outlined. The major trends in the global and alternative energy industries are briefly explained.

Environmental problems Essay

There are numerous environmental problems facing our planet at the moment. Economic globalisation is causing destruction of rainforests in South America while boring a hole through the ozone layer, global warming occurs because of the increased emissions by transport and industries, melting of polar ice-caps is threatening low-lying coastal areas, damage of marine resources through overfishing is taking place, acid rain and pollution of soil and groundwater resources results from using chemicals and artificial fertilisers to boost crop output, incidence of hurricanes and other natural disasters is increasing. There is little consensus within both academic and lay circles as to whether the nature is able to cope with the environmental problems itself. In my opinion, ecosystems have a great potential of restoring the state of natural balance; however, the devastating influence of the humankind has significantly undermined this ability. At the dawn of the 21st century, environmental problems are looming large, and many processes are already irreversible. For instance, species that became extinct due to man’s activity could have been essential elements of certain food chains and habitants. The frequency of large-scale natural calamities, especially in the places that have been for a long time considered relatively safe, is a telling manifestation of the inability of nature to sustain its balanced state. Yet the film argues that today is exactly the day when the humanity can redeem its attitude to nature and prevent a global catastrophe. Therefore, the need for a different approach to the relations between the mankind and environment is necessary. It is imperative to carry on conservation and purification activities coupled with a persistent effort by both businesses and individuals to reduce (and, under the dream scenario, to stop) their environmentally damaging activities. Both individuals and corporations can make a considerable contribution to stopping (or at least slowing down) the degradation of the environment. In fact, many individuals seldom realize how their consumption patters are contributing to the aggravation of the situation. The culture of consumerism that constitutes the underlying philosophy of the West fuels unnecessary overproduction: reconsidering one’s consumption pattern can be the first step on the long way of saving the Earth. As Hertsgaard (2000) argues, the adoption of Western consumerist lifestyle by developing nations poses great dangers and has to be stopped before it firmly catches on. Such an approach implies not only reduction in consumption of non-essential goods and services but also buying from companies that are known to use environmentally-benign technologies in the process of production. The question as to who will suffer first, the Earth or the humans, is incorrect in its essence. Such thinking about the environment is the root cause of the imminent crisis. It is a fatal mistake to think that man is the king of nature. Indeed, our disconnection from the nature resulted in the great degree of alienation and ignorance. While human species is an inherent part of the Earth’s global ecosystems, men prefer to view themselves as ‘outsiders,’ superior to other species. Such approach brought about the overexploitation of the Earth’s resources, considerable environmental damage, and global warming. As Hertsgaard (2000) argues, in many countries, like in Sudan, environmental problems are inherently and explicitly linked to survival through the supply of food and drinking water. In China, pollution at factories equally harms humans and nature. The future of our planet in 50 years is solely dependent on the measures the humankind implements now to prevent the imminent crisis. Hertsgaard (2000) associates hopes with new environmentally friendly industries such as solar power. Given the changing attitudes towards environmental problems, growing awareness, and public policy commitment to betterment of our natural habitat, the outlook for the Earth is not as grim as some doomsayers think.

Wal Mart Case

http://www. economist. com/node/2593089 http://www. authorstream. com/Presentation/akmohideen-193472-wal-mart-case-study-education-ppt-powerpoint/ How Could Wal Mart Continue Its Extraordinary Growth Management Essay Introduction The history of Wal-Mart started in 1962 with the opening of its first store in Arkansas, USA. The store stared as a retailer in the United States, but grew to reach extraordinary levels in the years to come. Wal-Mart grew rapidly, and used several methods to accomplish this growth. They opened their own stores as well as acquiring existing stores and chains to facilitate their entry to the new markets.The growth was not limited to the number of stores that the company opened, but it extended to the areas of operation for the store. For example, Wal-Mart entered new areas of business as it grew like pharmacies and jewelries. Wal-Mart followed an aggressive expansion strategy that was the model for their business for years, redefining concepts as they grew. Bu t what is Wal-Mart. The store can be described as the following. It is chain of discount department stores that operate with the purpose of reducing prices, and focusing on the volume of sales.The company’s growth is extraordinary in every sense; Wal-Mart is currently the world’s largest company by sales. Wal-Mart has recorded $260 billion in sales in 2005. The company manages over 5000 stores worldwide, 3200 of the stores located in the US, 900 in the Americas, 350 in Europe, and 440 in Asia. Wal-Mart employs a very large workforce, it has over 2 million employees, and the number is gradually increasing. Wal-Mart has adopted advance mean of technology to help it run its operations, this methods helped the growth of the company. But can Wal-Mart continue with the same level of growth.A company needs to maintain growth, and to Wal-Mart a reduction in the level of growth would be a cause of concern for the company’s stakeholders, because growth has a competitive a dvantage for Wal-Mart ever since it started. But in the saturated business of retail can Wal-Mart sustain the levels of growth anymore. SWOT Analysis Can Wal-Mart maintain the level of growth it has seen any longer? The company has made a reputation on the bases of their growth can they keep it up, to answer that we need to conduct an analysis of the company and see elements that could determine this.A SWOT analysis would give us the needed insight. Strengths Wal-Mart is the largest company in the world; it has large volume of sales and operates over 500 stores worldwide, with 100 million clients a week. Wal-Mart has a great standing in the domestic market based on the low pricing methods they have used. Wal-Mart can change their formula to fit the market. (stores, supercenters, sam’s club, and neighborhood markets) Wal-Mart utilizes the latest technologies in inventory management to control their large inventory, and they have a wide range of products reaching over 100,000 i tems.Weaknesses Wal-Mart has faced criticism regarding their management of human resources, including accusation of the use of child labor, low pay for employees by industry standards, lack of benefit like health care, and reliance on temporary workers to lower their cost. The huge size of the company causes issues, like in the case of acquiring international ventures and integrating then in the Wal-Mart system. Despite its size it has a week presence and brand image in the international market. OpportunitiesWal-Mart has a competitive advantage over its rivals; their incorporation of the latest technologies in their daily operation increases the efficiency of these operations and saves them some money while trying to enter new markets. So they would have an easier time that their rivals. Wal-Mart can further expand into Europe and Asia, both huge markets that Wal-Mart have not began to fully pursue. Wal-Mart can use their adaptability and introduce cultural clusters products. For ex ample utilize the model that worked in Mexico in Latin America. ThreatsThe market is saturated, and Wal-Mart faces intense competition in both domestic and international market. Also they face competition from specialty stores. Wal-Mart faces different laws by different countries that force it to change it methods. For example being forced to unionize the workers in china under pressure from the government. Summary Wal-Mart faces several challenges in order to sustain the levels of growth it has experienced. But it is possible Wal-Mart to grow further. The company has to use the opportunities that are present to it.They can pursue international markets more aggressively, expand in under developed markets, and continue to incorporate technology to increase efficiency and reduce costs and delays. Wal-Mart could also begin appealing to the niche markets by introducing and focusing on some special products. Question 2- What would be the limits of that growth? Introduction Growth is an e ssential an essential aspect of every successful corporation, and Wal-Mart in particular has made it their trademark. The rapid growth and expansion has been a competitive edge for Wal-Mart since the beginning of its operation.However, as previously mentioned, for how long can the company maintain this level of growth? Wal-Mart’s domestic market in the United States is already saturated and they face heavy competition as well, therefore, it is logical to assume that Wal-Mart’s options lies in its international ventures. The company has started to successfully dominate several foreign markets, especially in Mexico, Canada, and to some degree, the United Kingdom, at the same time, it remains absent from other regional markets in Europe and Asia.These unused markets would be the next step for Wal-Marts’ expansion, and their ability to cultivate those opportunities would be the key factor that would determine the limit of their growth. When a company ventures into i nternational markets and unfamiliar cultures, they could face challenges that exist in adapting and changing to fit the culture. In addition, there are always external forces that would affect the growth potential of a corporation, and these factors are usually beyond the corporations’ control.So in order to determine the limit of Wal-Marts growth, we have to first analyze the external environments that would affect it, the analysis is named the PESTLE analysis of external forces. PESTLE Analysis The PESTLE analysis is a tool, used to examine the external forces that could affect a company or a corporation. This analysis tool would focus on six aspects which are the political forces, the economical factors, social elements, technological innovations, legal issues, and environmental considerations.Political Forces The political orders and systems differ from one country to another; they vary depending on the region you target. A company would be under the mercy of the politica l forces in each country it tries to enter; this will be a huge burden on companies and especially Wal-Mart. Since Wal-Mart prefers standardization methods, it would be a deviation from their successful methods of operation if they have to cater and change in every country they enter.To further elaborate, if Wal-Mart had to change in every country they entered, they would have to create different processes for every time they penetrate a new market, including, administration, training, and management. When it comes to growth, those factors could very well limit the growth of Wal-Mart in a new market or make it too expensive to be economically feasible. Economic Factors The economic cycle would obviously have a great effect on all aspects of any corporation. The economic booms encourage companies to expand, while the economic downturns force them to retreat.The effects of an economical downturn would limit or end the growth of a corporation, when a company plans to venture into new m arkets; they would have to take into consideration the type of economy they enter or the forecasted performance of said economy. Wal-Mart could expand into a market and be faced with an unexpected situation that would force it to cease operation, thus incurring a loss. Wal-Mart is in a constant state of expansion, so, suffering a loss in any of its fronts would reduce the profitability of the company and would damage future international expansion plans. Social ElementsSocieties differ from one country to another, the differences could be unimportant to a multinational corporation like Wal-Mart, or they could be severe enough that Wal-Marts would not be able to operate in that market. For example, Wal-Marts retail chain depends on low prices with low profit margins, but large volume of sales. That method could very well not work in other countries in which the society has different purchasing habits. The inability of a company to adapt to the social characteristics of a new country would severely limit their clients’ base in that country, or it could end their operations completely.Technological Innovations Wal-Mart has always utilized state of the art technology to gain a competitive edge, they have an integrated system of inventories that controls and monitors replenishing the stock in every store, this aspect dramatically increases the companys’ efficiency. Furthermore, the company is always looking for new technological ways to cut costs and increase efficiency. In the case of expansion into foreign markets, this vital aspect of Wal-Marts operation would be threatened.If a certain country does not have the infrastructure to support this kind of technology, Wal-Mart would lose that competitive edge in that market. As a result, the Wal-Mart model would not be fully usable in that market, which would decrease profitability and eventually limit the organizations growth. Legal Issues Laws that are different from one country to another could very w ell limit the growth of a company, by restricting certain aspects and eliminating others; they disturb the work flow of a company. These limitations forced by foreign laws are a major concern for an international company.Environmental Considerations The environment and the quest to maintain it has a great effect on major international corporations. Wal-Mart in specific, have had their run-ins with this certain issue, they have faced criticism and limitations in several countries due to a wide range of basis. Issues such as building stores on historic sites, or selling products that used wood from protected forests are issues that have more than once halted the expansion of Wal-Mart. Summary As seen, the company has no choice but to seek new markets to keep expanding, the growth rate could not be sustained in the US retail market.The limit of the Wal-Marts growth would be their abilities in penetrating international markets, and how they deal with the barriers that those external for ces push them into. Ultimately, it would come down to flexibility and willingness to change from the companies’ part. On the other hand, Wal-Mart can recreate its amazing growth performance in its domestic market by fully analyzing all the possible external forces that could have a hand in limiting their growth and formulating the strategic plans that would allow them to carry the essence of their successful model into new markets, even if it was in a new form.Question 3- Did Asia and Europe offer Wal-Mart real opportunities for international market dominance? Introduction One of the major aims of any company is growth; they seek to expand their market share or client base or any of the several elements. Eventually, the growth is their goal, due to that fact that when a company stops growing it gives the image of trouble to its stakeholders. Companies will at some point have to consider exploring new markets, these markets would most likely be outside the companys home countr y.Expansion into a foreign market offers many advantages to companies and is very appealing to most of them, however, it is important that all corporations carefully analyze the environments that they are about to enter. In these foreign markets, there could be forces that if ignored could cost a company greatly. Wal-Mart is not new to international expansion and they already operate in several countries. Despite that fact, Wal-Marts performance in some international markets did not match their extraordinary domestic growth.To better understand those reasons, we have to analyze the environments that Wal-Mart ventured into, as well as the forces they faced. Porters Five Forces The Porter Five Forces is a tool used to analyze the competitive environment in any industry in order to determine the level of threats that the company faces. Porter categorized the threats into five headings. Threat of new entry Wal-Mart is in the retail business and more specifically the discount retail indu stry, the threat of new entry is low to medium.Wal-Mart is a well established company that has mastered the processes and has set up highly efficient operations, especially their distribution networks. Threats on this level is low due to the barriers that a new competitor would face in order to compete against Wal-Mart. This point is at its strongest in Wal-Marts domestic market, the situation is different when Wal-Mart ventured abroad where Wal-Marts lesser presence acts against it, but even then, Wal-Mart could enter the market and use its pricing methods to successfully obtain a share in the new market. Threat of RivalryThis threat is medium to high; Wal-Mart has a lot of competitors in both domestic and international markets and as a result of Wal-Marts nature, it has a large number of competitors. Wal-Mart faces intense competition from organizations such as Target and Best Buy, each of those companies are a threat to Wal-Marts dominance in the market. In the international fiel d, Wal-Mart faces competition from well established multinational corporations like Carrefour, the level of competition that Wal-Mart faces abroad is significantly higher due to their weaker presence in those markets. The bargaining power of customersThe bargaining power of customers is how much of an effect can the reaction and interaction of customers have on the strategies that companies use. This force is medium, while it is true that customers would have a wide range of choices and options to choose from other than Wal-Mart, the company possesses the characteristics that attracted people to it in the first place, that aspect being convenience. A single individual/customer would have no bargaining power if he/she sought the convenience of having everything in one place; however, customers that have specific needs would simply go to another store for their purchases.The bargaining power suppliers Wal-Mart sells general items in addition to some of its own product lines; they are a dominant force in the domestic US market, which means that suppliers have very little bargaining power over them. As a dominating force, Wal-Mart can move from one supplier to the other very easily, and with the massive variety they have, they can afford to remove some products. Larger companies that deal with Wal-Mart have somewhat more bargaining power, but in general, Wal-Mart is safe from this threat. Threat of substitutesThis threat could be viewed from two different perspectives, if you consider that Wal-Mart has been selling general products, then it is easily changeable, however, if we look at it and view that the convenience of having everything in one place combined with low prices is Wal-Marts main product, then this threat is very low. There are very few places that could even offer a similar level of convenience. Summary Wal-Mart has different situations in Europe and Asia. In Europe, Wal-Marts methods were successful in the UK, but less so in other parts of the conti nent.They faced stiff competition and the unfamiliarity of some of those markets played a role in limiting their dominance. In Asia, their situation is rather different; many of the Asian countries are ones that have developing economies. Wal-Marts low price strategy and their ability to function with low profit margins will enable them to establish themselves in those markets. Question 4- How could the company take advantage of its global reach to propel itself through the years to come? IntroductionFew companies can successfully expand to the extent that Wal-Mart has; the companys growth has been extraordinary to say the least, however, taking into consideration the companys size, Wal-Mart has a weak international presence. It is true that Wal-Mart has hundreds of stores operating outside its domestic market, which gives it a certain level of international reach. By strengthening their presence in foreign markets, they are lowering their risks and also increasing their profitabili ty.When a company operates in many different markets, the risk of an economic downturn is less severe since the company would not depend on only one market for its profitability. Moreover, foreign markets are opportunities for growth and untapped potential. Wal-Mart could use their presence in foreign markets to grow and penetrate other close by regions. By going international, the company guarantees their presence in several markets. Companies need a strategic plan for the future, without it they have no hope of maintaining any success they might have had. Strategic PlanningStrategic planning is a process in which every company plans what to do for the future; the process requires that the company have clear goals and understanding of themselves. Wal-Mart is a company that has been well aware of this process, the organization has built its name by focusing on providing items at low prices, in technical terms, and they are following the generic strategy of cost leadership. Wal-Mart aimed to be the competitor that attracts clients on the basis of low cost, despite having a wide range of products, Wal-Mart appeals to its clients’ base with their low prices.After going international, Wal-Mart attempted to immolate the formula that led to its success. However, they were faced with difficulties stemming from the cultural and social differences between its domestic market and the foreign market. Wal-Mart partially overcame that obstacle by abandoning the strategy of standardization, and adapting a flexible mean of market penetration, they have on several occasions changed their store formula to fit the local image.Wal-Marts success overseas could almost entirely be attributed to its ability to formulate their stores around local concepts by partnering up or buying out well established local chains, thus, not forcing a clash with the American image of Wal-Mart. Summary Wal-Mart has a dominating presence in their domestic market and a strong presence in several other countries. The company can use that global reach to sustain its growth for many more years to come by using the strategies that made it succeed in the first place and applying them to those new markets.This feature backed up by the companys ability to adapt to differences from one country to another would help make the penetration of the new markets run smoothly. Moreover, the global reach would allow it to make use of the ideas and resources of their partners in those markets, the ideas could benefit Wal-Mart in the fact that they could transfer it to other markets without the need of creating entirely new models. Read more:Â  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/management/how-could-wal-mart-continue-its-extraordinary-growth-management-essay. php#ixzz2NFqxWBIn