Fiber optics and its applications

fictitious character centres and its applicationsINTRODUCTION zip in the world gives us more power and confidence than having in melodyation. The expertness to communicate information is requisite to achieve the successful advancement of humankind. contagious disease of information is imperative to the expansion of our horizons.What does this all deal to do with grapheme opthalmics? This research paper will c everyplace the basis of fictitious character opticals in terms of its transmittal, converse, origin, uses and applications. type optics transports fresh in a actually directing way. Light is foc employ into and guided by a cylindrical glassfulful grapheme. Inside the core of the character reference catch fire bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the graphic symbol where it eventually escapes. The dismount does non escape by means of the side walls because of total internal reflection. wherefore is type opti cs so important? Besides being a tractile conduit that is utilize to illuminate microscopic objects, grapheme optics loafer excessively steer information similarly to the way a hog cable television force out transmit electricity. However, copper transmits and(prenominal) a few million electric pulses per second, comp bed to an opthalmic vulcanized vulcanized persona that carries up to a 20 billion weakly pulses per second. This means squall, descent and computer companies potful handle huge amounts of information transfers at once, oft more than conventional wires can carry. case optic blood termination was developed because of the incredible adjoin in the quantity of data everyplace the past 20 years. Without type optic cable, the musical modern internet and World Wide Web would not be possible.WHAT IS FIBER OPTICS? fibre optics is intensely thin desolates of purified glass that carry information from one conduct to another in the form of sprightly . hostile copper wire, fiber optics does not use electricity during transmission. Optical fibers can be either glass or plastic tubing capable of communicate rest, which is whence reborn into sound, speech or information. type optic cables transmit a digital level via pulses of set about by the truly thin strands of glass.A fundamental fiber optic system consists ofa transmitting device, which delivers the airy orient,an optic fiber cable, which carries the flow, anda receiver, which accepts the swallow point that was transmitted.A fiber optic strand is about the thickness of a human hair, about cxx micrometers in diameter and can carry as many as 20 billion light pulses per second. The fibers argon megabucksd together to form optic bundles, which transmit the light signals over long distances up to 50 km without the need for repeaters.Each optic fiber is see up of one-third important partsThe core or the centre of the optical fiber is a very thin strand of glass that carries the light signal.The lining is the optical material which reflects the light signals back into the core. This prevents the light from escaping and set asides it to travel through the fiber.The outside jacket or buffer coating is make of a plastic material that protects the optical fiber from any moisture, corrosion and outside(a) damage.There be only two types of fiber optic cableGlass fibers, which argon more common, because they allow longer distance transmission and they atomic number 18 more efficient.Plastic optical fibbers atomic number 18 apply in less technical applications and be normally utilize in very short-length transmissions.HOW ARE OPTICAL FIBERS MADE?Optical fibers are made of very pure glass. The glass core or centre is made of silicon oxide and is purified to minimise the loss of signal. It then gets coated to protect the fibers and to contain the light signals. The light signals carried by the optical cable consist of electrical s ignals that father been converted or changed into light energy.The following execute is followed to manufacture the optical fibersThe Manufacturing of the Preform BlankThe silica must first be purified beforehand it can be spun into glass fibers. This military operation takes a long sentence and the silica is alter to very high temperatures and then distilled to purification. The sand is heated to a temperature that will change the silica into a gaseous state. The silica will then be combined with other materials called dopants, which will act with the silica (in its gaseous state) to form the fibers. All the solid impurities are remove and the gas is cooled to form the fiber material.A process called modified chemical vapour deposition (MCVD) is used to change the glass into the preform lily-white. During this process oxygen is bubbled through solutions of silicon chloride (SiCl4), germanium chloride (GeCl4) and other chemicals. The gas vapours are channelled to the insi de of a synthetic silica quartz supply in a special lathe to form the facing. While the lathe rotates a intent flame is moved back and forth on the outside of the organ pipe.The extreme heat from the burner causes the followingThe silicon and the germanium react with oxygen to form silicon dioxide (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2).The silicon dioxide and the germanium dioxide settles on the inside of the tube and it fuses together to form glass.The lathe turns continuously to allow the preform blank to be coated evenly. To maintain the purity of the glass a corrosion wicked plastic is used to accurately control the flow and the structure of the mixture. This process of manufacturing the preform blank takes a couple of hours. The preform blank is cooled and is inspected for lineament through an inspection and control process.Drawing fibers from the Preform Blank later on testing the preform, it is placed into a fiber drawing tower. The preform blank gets lowered into a furnac e and is heated between 1,900C to 2,200C until the full point starts to melt an a molten blob starts to fall down. As it drops down, it cools and forms a strand. This strand is pulled through a sequence of coating cups (buffer applicators) and curing ovens utilize ultraviolet light, and then coiled onto a tractor-controlled reel. This process is accurately controlled utilize a laser micrometer to measure the thickness of the fiber. This information is then sent back to the tractor mechanism. The tractor mechanism pulls the fibers at a rate of 10 to 20m/sec and the finished product is wound onto a transfer. A spool can contain more than 2,2km of optical fiberTesting the completed Optical fictitious character formerly the optical fiber is manufactured it goes through a process of testing. The following tests are doneTensile carriage The fibers must withstand 100,000 lb/in2 or moreRefractive magnate profile Determine that the core diameter, cladding dimensions and coating dia meter are uniform. Screen also for optical defects.Attenuation Determine the extent that light signals of various wavelengths degrade or reduce over certain distances. training carrying capacity (bandwidth) the number of signals that can be carried at one cartridge clip (multi-mode fibers)Chromatic dispersion Spread of various wavelengths of light through the core, this is very important for bandwidth.Operating temperature/humidity range Determines the temperature and humidity that the fiber can withstand.Ability to conduct light underwater Important for undersea cablesOnce the fibers have passed the quality control process, they are interchange to tele shout out companies, cable companies and lucre providers. Currently many companies are renewal their old copper-wire-based systems with new fiber-optic-based systems to improve festinate, capacity and clarity.TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERSThere are two types of optical fibersSingle Mode FiberSingle mode fibers transmit a single da ta stream. The core of the glass fiber is much finer than in multi-mode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating slim pulse dispersion. Data transmission modes are higher, and the distances that single mode fiber can cover can be over 50 clock longer than multi-mode fibers. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber all year.Multi-Mode FiberMulti-mode fibers allow different data streams to be sent simultaneously over a particular fiber. The glass fiber has a slightly larger diameter to allow light to be sent through the fiber at different angles. An LED or laser light source is used in the 50 micron and 62.5 micron fiber optic cables. They are also used in the same networking applications. The main difference between the two is that 50 micron fiber can support 3 times the bandwidth of 62.5 micron fiber. The 50 micron fiber also supports longer cable runs than 62.5 micron cable.Simplex cable consists of only one single fi ber optic strand. The data can only be transmitted in one direction. The duplex cable is made up of two fiber optic strands that run side-by-side. One strand runs from transmit to receive and the other strand joins receive to transmit. This allows communication in both directions (bi-directional) between devices.Some optical fibers can be made from plastic. These fibers have a large core (0.04 inches or 1 mm diameter) and transmit visible red light (wavelength = 650 nm) from LEDs. Due to their inferior optical properties, plastic fiber optic (POF) strands and cables are not satisfactory for wide data transmission.HOW DOES A FIBER OPTIC CABLE WORK? handed-downly when we sent data transmissions over copper cables we transmit electrons over a copper conductor. Fiber optic cables transmit a digital signal via pulses of light through a very thin strand of glass. The fiber strands are extremely thin, not much thicker than a human hair.The staple fiber fiber optic transmission system co nsists of three basic componentssenderfiber optic cablereceiverA transmitter is committed to the one end of the fiber cable. Electronic pulses are converted by the transmitter into light pulses and the optical signal gets sent through the fiber cable. A receiver on the other end decodes the optical signal into digital pulses.The core of the cable is surrounded by a cladding which reflects the light back into the core and eliminates light from escaping the cable. This is called total internal reflection.When light is sent through the core of a fiber optic cable, the light constantly bounces off the cladding, which is highly reflective, like a mirror-lined wall. The cladding does not absorb any light allowing complete internal reflection and allowing the light to travel far distances without losing its intensity.The discovery of lasers influenced the education of fiber optics. Lasers and LEDs can breed an enormous amount of light in a very subatomic demesne of study, which can su ccessfully used in fiber optics.Laser diodes are complex semiconductors that convert an electrical current into light. The process of converting the electrical signal into light is far more efficient because it generates less heat than an run-of-the-mine light bulb.Reasons for using laser diodes in fiber opticslaser diodes are very smalllaser diodes are highly reliable and have a long lifelaser diodes have high shinelaser diodes emit light into a very small arealaser diodes can be turned on and off at very high speedsADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICSThe use of fiber optics is fast fair the medium of choice for telecommunication systems, television transmission and data networks. Fiber optic cables have a multitude of advantages and benefits over the more handed-down methods of information systems, such(prenominal) as copper or coaxial cables. fastnessOne of the greatest benefits to using fiber optic systems is the capacity and speed of such a system. Light travels sudden than an elec trical system which allows faster delivery and reception of information. Fiber optic cables also have a much higher capacity for bandwidth than the more traditional copper cables. granting immunity to electromagnetic interferenceCoaxial cables have a tendency for electromagnetic interference, which renders them less effective. Fiber optics is not affected by external electrical signals, because the data is transmitted with light.SecurityOptical systems are more salutary than traditional mediums. Electromagnetic interference causes coaxial cables to leak information. Optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect the signal being transmitted at bottom the cable. The only way to do so is by actually accessing the optical fiber itself. Accessing the fiber craves intervention that is easily detectable by hostage surveillance. These circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to governments, banks and companies requiring increased certificate of data.Fire preventionCopper wir e transmission can generate sparks, causing shortages and even fire. Because fiber optical strands use light preferably of electricity to carry signals, the chance of an electrical fire is eliminated. This makes fiber optics an exceptionally safe form of fit out and one of the safest forms of data transmission.Data signallingFiber optic systems are much more effective than coaxial or copper systems, because there is minimal loss of data. This can be ascribe to the design of optical fibers, because of the principle of total internal reflection. The cladding increases the effectuality of data transmission significantly. There is no crosstalk between cables, e.g. band signals from overseas using a signal bounced off a communications satellite, will result in an echo being heard. With undersea fiber optic cables, you have a direct connection with no echoes.Unlike electrical signals in copper wires the light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the sa me cable. This means pass offer phone conversations or TV reception.Less expensiveSeveral kilometers of optical cable can be made far cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. Service, such as the internet is often cheaper because fiber optic signals stay bullocky longer, requiring less power over time to transmit signals than copper-wire systems, which need high-tension transmitters.Large Bandwidth, Light Weight and Small DiameterModern applications over timbre increased amounts of bandwidth or data capacity, fiber optics can carry much larger bandwidth through a much smaller cable and they arent devoted to the loss of information. With the rapid increase of bandwidth demand, fiber optics will continue to influence a vital role in the long-term success of telecommunications. length constraints of many end-users are easily overcome because new cabling can be installed within existing duct systems. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cables makes suc h installations easy and practical.Easy Installation and Upgrades foresighted lengths of optical cable make installation much easier and less expensive. Fiber optic cables can be installed with the same equipment that is used to install copper and coaxial cables.Long Distance Signal TransmissionThe low fading and superior signal capacity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. Metal based systems require signal repeaters to perform satisfactory. Fiber optic cables can transmit over 100km with no active or passive processing. Even greater distances are being investigated for the future.To use fiber optics in data systems have proven to be a far better alternative to copper wire and coaxial cables. As new technologies are developed, transmission will run even more efficient, assuring the expansion of telecommunication, television and data network industries.DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICSDespite the many advantages of fi ber optic systems, there are some disadvantages.The relative new technology of fiber optic makes the components expensive. Fiber optic transmitters and receivers are still somewhat expensive compared to electrical components. The absence seizure of standardisation in the industry has also limited the acceptance of fiber optics. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fiber optics.The cost to install fiber optic systems is falling because of an increase in the use of fiber optic technology. As more information about fiber optics is made available to produce managers and technicians, the use of fiber optics in the industry will increase over time.The advantages and the need for more capacity and information will also increase the use of fiber optics.APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTICSAs the popularity of optical fibers continue to grow, so does their applications and practical uses. Fiber optic cables became more and more popula r in a variety of industries and applications.Communications / Data StorageSince fiber optics are resistant to electronic noise, fiber optics has made significant advances in the field of communications. The use of light as its source of data transmission has meliorate the sound quality in voice communications. It is also being used for transmitting and receiving purposes.MilitaryOptical systems offer more security than traditional metal-based systems. The magnetic interference allows the leak of information in the coaxial cables. Fiber optics is not sensitive to electrical interference therefore fiber optics is suitable for military application and communications, where signal quality and security of data transmission are important.The increased interest of the military in this technology caused the evolution of stronger fibers, tactical cables and high quality components. It was also applied in more varied areas such as hydrophones for seismic and SONAR, aircrafts, submarines an d other underwater applications. aesculapianFiber optic are used as light guides, image tools and as lasers for surgeries. Another popular use of fiber-optic cable is in an endoscope, which is a diagnostic instrument that enables users to see through small holes in the body. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures. Fiber optics is also used in bronchoscopes and laparoscopes.All versions of endoscopes look like a long thin tube, with a lens or camera at one end through which light is emitted from the bundle of optical fibers banded together inside the enclosure.Mechanical or industrialIndustrial endoscopes also called a borescope or fiberscope, enables the user to observe areas that are difficult to reach or see under normal circumstances, such as jet engine interiors, inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines, inspecting space shuttles and rockets. care of sewer lines and pipes.NetworkingFiber optic is used to connect servers an d users in a variety of network settings. It increases the speed, quality and accuracy of data transmission. Computer and earnings technology has improved due to the enhanced transmission of digital signals through optical fibers.Industrial/CommercialFiber optics are used for image in areas which are difficult to reach. It is also used in outfit where electromagnetic interference is an problem. It gets used often as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements as well as in the wiring of motorcars and in industrial settings.SpectroscopyOptical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyse its composition. A spectrometer analyses substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using optical fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels shine/CATV/Cabl e TelevisionBroadcast or cable companies use fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, exposure and other applications.Usage of fiber-optic cables in the cable-television industry began in 1976 and chop-chop spread because of the superiority of fiber optic cable over traditional coaxial cable. Fiber optic systems became less expensive and capable of transmitting clearer signals further away from the source signal. It also reduced signal losses and decreased the number of amplifiers required for each customer. Fiber optic cable allows cable providers to offer better service, because only one optical line is needed for every 500 households.Lighting and ImagingFiber optic cables are used for lighting and imaging and as sensors to measure and superintend a vast range of variables. It is also used in research, development and testing in the medical, technological and industrial fields.Fiber optics are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright ligh t needs to shine on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some twists, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building. Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art and artificial Christmas trees.Optical fiber is an essential part of the light-transmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon which is a translucent concrete building material.ConclusionWith the introduction of highly transparent fiber-optic cable in the 1970s, very high-frequency laser signals now carry phenomenal loads of telephone conversations and data across the country and around the world.From surgical procedures to worldwide communication via the internet, fiber optic has revolutionised our world. Fiber optics has made important contributions to the medical field, especially with regards to surgery. One of the most useful characteristics of optical fibers is their ability to enter the number passageways and hard-to- reach areas of the human body. But perhaps the greatest contribution of the 20th ampere-second is the combination of fiber optics and electronics to transformed telecommunications.References / BibliographyWhy is fiber optics importanyhttp//library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312432/lessons_part-04.htmlhttp//www.greatachievements.org/?id=3706