Data protection in online banking

info security system in online imprecateingIntroductionOnline patoising is the practice of performing imprecate proceedings over the internet. Due to the advanced nature of engineering, intimately pot recitation the internet to fulfil most of their private take, for instance e-mails, internet calls, and video conferencing. Information technology is at present being procedured to bust more(prenominal) supple and easy to persona swaning services (Nadim and Noorjahan, 2007). Online banking which can too be called internet banking is presently being employ and adopted by most people. Online banking can be useful in so some ways to both the customer and the banking institution, although the tip of its usefulness varies depending on whose point of view you estimate at it from. Online banking activities involves non unaccompanied banks and customers but includes ternion parties too (Guptar, 2006). This essay would be looking at the hiding issues relating to the use of customers info and minutes in online banking. This essay would also be looking at the hiding concerns more or less how the customers private info is used by the bank and what amount of encounter a customer has over the use of his/her randomness, how the bank shares customers face-to-face teaching with triad party or affiliated businesses and the even ups and escort customers spend a penny over the distribution of their data. And also what disciplines the government have over the manageing of customers bank details and discipline, the honorable, brotherly, professional and legal issues related to online banking services and the application of ethical/professional principles in the use of online banking services.Privacy issues in Online boundingInternationally, customers of several organisations can now pay their bills, transfer money to multiple accounts, deliver deposits, withdrawals or payments with online cheques, view proceedings on their account , trade bonds and securities, and all this can be done handily with just the click of the mouse and in the comfort of the customers home. The physical presence of customers are no nightlong needed for most transactions in the bank, as long queues witnessed in crowded banking halls can now be avoided which saves the bank the overhead cost of managing a crowded bank hall. just now still, so many customers are concerned around the security of their in the flesh(predicate) information while operating the online banking service. gibe to Duquenoy et al (2005, p. 1), seclusion is one of the main concerns associated with the use of online banking. I believe covert is the most fundamental and pertinent issue in online banking. Although in that respect is non a specific privacy virtue in lever to online banking, there is an abundance of privacy impartialitys that exist and this essay would be looking at a hardly a(prenominal) of them as they are too many to write on all of the m here.As note by a few authors, Nadim and Noorjahan (2007) believed that privacy is one of the key factors amongst separate issues which have an effect on a customers ad plectron of online banking technology. nearly customers are concerned ab bulge out how their personal data would be used when registering for an online banking account. What happens to their data after endowment out their personal information? They are not sure and convinced about how control and safe their data would be and how the data would be stored, manipulated, retrieved and updated. Mason (1986) stated that privacy concerns in online banking where raised by a few questions like what information do customers require to reveal about themselves? on what conditions? what information can the customer can give to themselves? According to Earp and Payton (2006) some major privacy concerns about the use of online banking technology are collection (enormous amount of personal information data equanimous and st ored in databases), unauthorized secondary use of data (personal data used for purposes other than they were primarily quiet for), improper access (personal information viewed by unauthorized personnel), errors (unintended or intentional), and what level of defendion could be enjoin in place against them in personal information data. For example, there was a breach of information in which there was an identity theft of 3.3 million people with student loans in the weekend of parade 20 21, 2010. Information such(prenominal) as name, addresses and social security numbers were stolen from a portable media device from the supply of Educational Credit Management Corporation, although the companionship claims it was a simple old-fashioned theft and not a hacker incident (WSJ, 2010).Howcroft et al (2003) noted that customers have confidence in their banks but their trust in the technology infrastructure of online banking was frail. in that respectfore privacy issues have proved to b e an obstacle to the adoption of online banking technology (Nadim and Noorjahan, 2007). Most customers are worried about their personal data and financial information being revealed online. According to a study by Paul (2005), 94% of the banks customers express their concern about their personal information being exposed online. Privacy in online banking can be said to be the cherishion of the customers personal and financial information. It is the duty of IT professionals to secure and comfort all customers personal information, they should conform to privacy legislation, professional codes of take and ethical principles to gain customers confidence in the technology and guard their reputation. Although Dewan and Seidmann (2001) argue that the success of online banking is expected to deduce with a growing price to personal privacy. They also stated thatAll online interactions leave detailed inspect trails that continually depict a larger portion of our lives.Furthermore, privac y standards associated with the use of online banking technology in the banking application (industry principles) currently exist. For example the American Bankers Association, Bankers Roundtable, Consumers Bank Association to name a few, have all canonical equally to a get of privacy principles to portray a wide and united industry. They all have obligations to the similar set of guiding principles like recognizing an individuals expectation of privacy using, collecting and retaining personal information entirely if it produces the greatest benefit to such person maintaining an up-to-date and accurate information making individuals aware of the privacy policies confine exposure of customers personal information established security measures to protect information and maintaining an individuals privacy in business relationships with third parties (Earp and Payton, 2006).How can personal data be protected?Technological solutions that can devolve customers direct control over the ir personal information on their computer like cookie manager, encoding software, ad blocker to mention a few, give customers an amount of control over intrusions by hackers, email and cookies. Also customer activism creating a policy taking direct action in online or offline environments to strike desired enhancements in privacy policy, for example the American civil liberties Unions Take Back Your Data head for the hills (Ashworth Free, 2006). Also privacy codes of practice like the BCS and ACM guide professionals on how to create and implement systems that protects the privacy of third parties.Privacy constabularys have been mostly controversial when viewing the laws relating to how much control customers have in the share of their personal information with third party organisations or affiliated business. Personal information in the control of banks about their customers data and transactions passes by representation of different hands numerous clocks (Gupta, 2006).It is almost not possible for banks to retain customer data within their computer ne cardinalrk let alone their jurisdiction. The take a chances of monkey of information, blockage and leakage are high and therefore needs an adequate legal and technical protection (Gupta, 2006). Most banks tend to use the personal data of their customers while advertising some of their other products and services. trine parties could use this data for marketing purposes, advertisements and customers usually view this as spam or unwanted information or some could also use it for illegitimate reasons like identity theft. The sale and distribution of customer personal data to third parties is a very lucrative business and generates a lot of revenue for companies. Duquenoy (2005) put out that the industry was valued at two billion pounds as at 2003. But how ethical is the sale or distribution of customer data to third parties? How does the third party defy use of this information? These are some of t he questions most banks have failed to look into in the use of personal data to learn other products in online banking. Most customers find it a bit complicated overbearing their personal information given out and smooth by the bank, and its other businesses or government agencies that they could be shared with or sold to. It is required by the law that customers have to be given an option in order to decide what personal data can be collected and given out to third party or affiliated businesses, such options include the opt-in and opt-out methods.The UK follows the opt-in scheme under the provisions of the privacy and Electronics Communications Regulations 2003. The provision of an opt-out method gives the customer the choice of preventing personal information being disclosed to affiliated or non-affiliated businesses and third parties, while providing an opt-in option is the reverse which allows for the sharing of information for purposes specified by the bank (Giglio, 2005). Further, research discover that customers must clearly inform companies of their wishes to opt-in or opt-out when registering or filling out online forms for the use of online banking or other internet services provided by the bank. In that case customers are to be told what, which and how their data can or may be used, they should also be given an explanation or commentary about what circumstances or situations by which personal information may be disclosed to third parties. The principles of rights based ethics (contractrianism) states that the customer also has the right to know, the right to privacy and the right to property. Although, some customers baron not mind having their personal data being shared, others might mind and tend to mind a lot. A major challenge being faced in the IT industry today is ensuring that sharing of data is secure and safe guarded (Raab, 2008). An IT professional should ensure that customer personal data is protected and is only shared with trustwo rthy third parties. And it is also the responsibility of the IT professional to ensure that personal data is used only for its primary or intended purpose or that which has been specified by the customer. One of the ethical principles in the BCS (British ready reckoner Society) code of conduct states thatYou shall have regard to the legitimate right of third parties triplet parties being referred to here could be viewed as the customer, and it is expected of an IT professional to know, understand and abide by the law and are also expected to regard and respect the rights of individuals, third parties and the society at large (Duquenoy et al 2005, p. 2). There have been a lot of cases whereby personal data is used for purposes other than which they have been collected for and this is ethically wrong. It is also called the secondary use of personal information which is the use of such information other than the purpose it was supplied for (Duquenoy et al 2005, p. 5). According to a r esearch conducted through the distribution of questioners to a few people who make the use of online banking services with their banks in the UAE, 75% of customers get unsolicited mails about the banks new products and offers which they never requested for or signed up for, 8% view this as an intrusion of their privacy and contract not to be mailed about such future products. The remaining 17% seem not to have been educated and informed properly about how to opt-out from the use of their personal data for distribution and marketing purposes or opt-in if they require being aware of promotions and offers the bank makes. It is essential for the bank to foster trust surrounded by itself and the customer as this is good for business and it is a known fact that it is harder to regain trust than initially gaining it. This is why it is essential that much more effort be put in place to secure customer data sharing (Raab, 2008).While conducting an interview with Suhail bin Taraff, an IT st aff of Emirates NBD which is the largest bank in the UAE, it was noted that the customers that make use of the internet banking services of the bank would require to opt-in by ticking a check box in their personal online banking account if they require to be notified of products the bank offers and if they would also require their personal data passed on to third parties and affiliates of the bank producing similar or specific products or services.Online banking has two types of risk maintaining integrity of customer information and preventing unauthorised use of such data (Gupta, 2006). The indiscriminate use of personal data is viewed as a violation of an individuals privacy right and in the UK the right to privacy is covered by the Data Protection consummation. The second principle of the Data Protection Act 1998 states that the customer has the right of information about the processing of their personal data, including the right to be informed either at the time the data is fir st processed or when that data is first disclosed to a third party, and also the right of access to their personal data (Duquenoy et al 2005, p. 20). Although the law cannot keep pace with technology, under the Data Protection Act a person has to demonstrate if they have been sheathed to unwarranted distress/damages through their datas exposure in order to claim any sort of compensation (Raab, 2008).Does the government have the right to monitor online banking transactions? artes view the use of information as a means to making more money while the government tend to view information as a means to protect security. However, in both cases individuals or groups have limited control on how their personal data is used. It is fix to be known that knowledge is power and the more information the government gathers about customers bank transactions the more power they have over them and the less power the customers have. And there could be abuse of such power by the government or whoever is in charge to use such power, for selfish means or politically motivated aims. The government claims that they use the capabilities offered by IT to get the intelligence that enables them to meet their responsibilities to protect citizens. But most individuals have little confidence in the governments handling of their data and fear that there could be a misuse or misinterpretation which could lead to persecution and prosecution of innocent people in the application of law and order and also while protecting national security. There is also found to be a lack of confidence in the governments ability to protect personal data and keep it secure, most online banking customers fear that this could give the government too much power and control over them. Most customers tend to mind if the government or law enforcement agencies read their communications or view their bank transactions, even if they have not done anything wrong or have nothing to hide. Part two of condition eight of th e Human Rights Act, 1998 states thusThere shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the by-line of national security, public golosh or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedom of others (Duquenoy et al 2005, pg. 11).In the United States of America, the government created a secret programme to monitor bank transactions of suspected terrorists or people having ties with them that routes through the Belgian based financial company SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication), since the terrorist attack that occurred on the 11th of September 2001. The proprietary electronic network, SWIFT, hence gives the US government access to financial data from institutions human beingwide (Jacobs, 2007). Banks tend to vie w privacy matters almost completely in conditions of regulatory conformity. But the same government that claims to protect the rights and freedom of individuals seem to lodge in it also. The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 and the USA Patriot Act 2001 are legislations that tend to serve the interest of the state related to issues of counter terrorism and crime detection and support the monitoring and surveillance of individuals. professor Charles Raab (2008) said that there is a need to question the sharing of personal data to cater the needs of society other than the protection of privacy. Some may argue that the monitoring of an individuals bank account transactions without their consent violates the rights of confidentiality and anonymity of such customer. Any country that signs up to the UN Declaration of Human Rights must make sure they take steps to protect privacy. In Europe the EU includes privacy in its prescript on Human Rights while the UK includes it in the Data Protection Act. In the UK the monitoring of a customers bank transactions and data can be viewed as an invasion of the customers privacy by the government and violates the privacy rights of the customer and goes against the data protection act which states that personal data can only be processed when consent has been given or necessary to contract and must be only for specified purposes, adequate, germane(predicate) and not excessive, not kept longer than necessary and processed in accordance with rights of data subject (ICO, 2010). According to a research conducted by the BCS, 61% of members believe that there is an inequality between the data rights of the individual and the state while only 17% believe that the present legal regulations on data are sufficient (BCS, 2010).The secure handling of a customers personal information is a legal, ethical and social requirement in online banking (Duquenoy et al, 2005). The potential for abuse is great in online banking therefore et hics plays a bouncy role. estimable issues that arise in online banking gives a cause for concern, for example more than 24,000 HSBC customers were affected by a breach in the storage of their personal information in the banks data centre on the fifteenth of March 2010, this was as a result of data theft by one of the IT employee (BCS, 2010). This marchs a neglectfulness of the ethical principle which implies respect for other people. Unauthorised use of an individuals personal computer without their permission or knowledge could be termed as an invasion of that individuals privacy. Unauthorised access of personal information or brusque security measures in Information Systems put customers (society) at risk and this could result in a outlet of confidence by the general public and could have a negative effect on the use of online banking services. It is also viewed as a social issue due to the effect it has on the general public and potential customers. This could lead to hac king or installation of spyware in the individuals computer and puts the owners personal data at risk. There are many legal issues that affect online banking like identity theft, protecting privacy, online crime and misuse of data. victimisation the internet has its own risk and most customers expect laws to be in place that will protect them while banking online. In the banking industry, the Gramm-Leach-Biley Act of 1999 (GLBA) was passed to augment the protection of privacy while the Data Protection Act (1998) covers the right to privacy in the UK. The law is in place to protect digitally stored personal information from being widely distributed and mismanaged. Organisations are required by the act to make sure that personal information is kept secure. Professional issues could imply how a professional should act and also their role in the design, death penalty of data systems and in the manipulation, modification of data and the important role they play. The BCS is the professi onal body for those employed in the IT industry in the UK. One of the aims of the BCS is to maintain standards in the industry and in most cases these are translated into principles set out in a code of conduct (Duquenoy et al 2005, p. 5). IT professionals are expected to know the law and abide by it. They are also expected to ensure public safety and respect the rights of third parties like the general public.ConclusionOnline banking technology seems to be slowly adopted by majority of prospective customers despite being aware about the usefulness of this technology and this is due to the fact that customers are disadvantageously concerned about the privacy of their data and do not really feel secure giving out their personal data digitally. A number of privacy issues have been analysed and discussed in this essay and the rights and control customers have of the use of their personal data, the measures and steps they can use to protect their personal information and the degree to which government agencies have access to the customers bank transactions and personal data. The professional, legal, ethical and social requirement in online banking technology and how an IT professional should apply ethical principles in the use and handling of a customers personal data. elongation ListAshworth, L. Free, C. (2006), Marketing Dataveillance and Digital Privacy Using Theories of Justice to Understand Consumers Online Privacy Concerns, daybook of Business Ethics, Vol. 67, pp. 107-123.Duquenoy, P, Jones, S, Rahanu, H, Diaper, D, (2005) Social, Legal and Professional put outs of Computing. Middlesex University Press 2005Stamatellos, G. (2007), Computer Ethics A Global Perspective, Jones and Bartlett PublishersMason, R, 0, (1986) Four Ethical publications of the Information Age, Issues and opinions, MIS quarterlyEarp, J. B. Payton, F. C. (2006), Information Privacy in the Service Sector An Exploratory Study of wellness Care and Banking Professionals, Journal of organ izational computing and electronic commerce, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 105 122.Giglio, V. (2005), Privacy in the world of cyberbanking Emerging legal issues and How You Are Protected.Ng, P. (2010), What is online banking? viewed 20 February 2010, http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-online-banking.htmRoundtree, D. (2001), Taking Care of Customer Privacy, Bank Technology News, Vol.14 Issue 11, p.20.European Parliament Blocks US powers to monitor EU bank transactions, viewed 21 February 2010, http//www.out-law.com/page-10748Nadim, J and Noorjahan, B. (2007), Effect of perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, Security and Privacy on Customer Attitude and Adaptation in the Context of E-Banking, Journal of Management Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 147 157Howcroft, B, Hamilton, R. and Hewer, P. (2002), Consumer Attitude and the Usage and Adoption of Home-based Banking in the United Kingdom, The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20(3) 111-121.Jamieson, P (2005), Consumers and Online Banking, Point fo r Credit Union Research AdviceDewan, R and Seidmann, A. (2001), Current Issues in E-BANKING, Communications of the ACM Vol.44 Issue 6, p. 31-32Raab, C. (2008), The privacy conundrum, viewed 13 March 2010, http//www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.17577The office of the Information Commisioner, viewed 13 March 2010, http//www.ico.gov.ukBritish Computer Society (2010). Code of Conduct, viewed 10 March 2010, http//www.bcs.org/server.php?show=nav.6030Gupta, A, (2006), Data Protection in Consumer E-banking, Journal of profits Banking and Commerce, vol. 11, no. 1State has more data on citizens than necessary, say BCS members, viewed 26th March 2010, http//www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.34817Jacobs, E, (2007), SWIFT Privacy Data Processor Becomes Data Controller, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, vol. 12, no. 1The basics, in Information Commisioners office, viewed 9th March 2010, http//www.ico.gov.uk/what we cover/freedom of information/the basics.aspxFreedom of Informat ion Act (2000), viewed 15th March 2010, http//www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/ukpga 20000036 en 1Pilon, M, (2010), Data Theft Hits 3.3 Million Borrowers, The Wall Street Journal, viewed 29th March 2010,http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304434404575150024174102954.html?KEYWORDS=data+theft+hits+33+million+borrowers

Determinants for Demand in Private Housing

Determinants for Demand in Private lodgmentPrinciple determinants of lead for mystical caparison.The dominant factor is damage. Providing all of the bleak(prenominal) factors remain equal, one would expect a fall in price to ontogeny petition. This profit occurs for two reasons. Firstly, the product has become better judge for money and in that locationfore becomes a cullred atomic number 18a of expenditure for consumers. Secondly, it en adequates consumers to procure the product in electric switch of a previously purchased inferior product. family line Income. As incomes rise, so does the platehold purchasing power. Therefore, the consumer is better equal to(p) to bear with products. parallels. In incidence where, apart from price, thither is a direct equation between two products, as prices fall on product b) so consumers whitethorn substitute it for product a) where there has been no fall in price.Taste and preference. Consumer tastes and preferences change. These may be affected by outside sources such(prenominal) as promotion or peer pressure. In this event, such changes exit pee an effect on demand.Expectations. The perception of future changes in price ordain affect demand. If prices be expected to rise in the future, face demand leave alone increase, and visa-versa.Therefore, if it is expected that private house prices testament rise, but the present cost of purchase falls (i.e. mortgage wagess), because consumers in the main view property letting as inferior to private ownership, the demand for private trapping leave alone increase.Difference between supply of new caparison and manufactured goodsNew lodgmentThe picture of new lodging has limitations. The principle limitation is its wintry essence element, the land. Although there end be changes made in the use of land, for example from agricultural, it is a express mail resource that backsidenot be easily expanded. As a result, it is considered a fixed cost . Every individual product (house) give require a meaning(a) element of land for manufacture. The relative scarcity of the supply of land, this has the affect of change magnitude the cost of supply.Manufactured goodsThe supply of manufactured goods can be more than easily increased. Once the fixed costs atomic number 18 in place, i.e. property, specify and machinery, these are equally divided over the number of goods produced. An increase in the number of products manufactured will therefore reduce the fixed cost element per unit. For example, fixed costs of coulomb spread over 1,000 products will be one tenth of that cost if it is spread over 100 products.Comparison of affordability with effective demand for a productConcept of affordabilityThe image of affordability (Marshall et.al. 2000) in respect of property rental is threefold. 1) That such rental is placed at a take, which does not force the tenant into a do of poverty. 2) That it does not consume more than 25% of the tenants low-cost income and 3) that the les get a line is left with sufficient funds to be able to afford opposite basic necessities.Concept of effective demandThe impression of effective demand is based upon the premise that supply and price visits demand. Whilst taking into account the on hand(predicate) figure of consumers, effective demand works on the basis that increase of supply reduces cost, which enables lower price and therefore fuels demand.The motives for these concepts vary in that the affordability concept is based upon hearty precepts, whilst effective demand is based upon profitability and price. some separate(a) CriteriaThe criterion for assessing affordability is centred on five key issues.There take to be an effective analysis of the RSLs1 own rental levels. Such analysis should discover rent averages by authority area, levels as calculated in coitus to the type of property and the area in which the property is located.Comparison of rental levels w ith other RSLs.Comparison of rental levels with other rental organisations. For example, those in the private sector.By evaluation of the income levels and type of base, for example single parent, pensioners, families etc. starchy assessment. Within this issue, RSLs need to determine that households have sufficient income level to be able to afford the rent and still be able to achieve a certain standard of active. It is also needs to dish in reducing the reliance of tenants on other clears by providing them the opportunity to rejoin the employment marketplace.Other criteria that could be used overwhelm local anaestheticity of tenant to work concentration areas, which would reduce tenant expenditure and increase job opportunity.Expectation of affordable house schemesAn ideal affordable housing scheme should provide occupiers with reasonable living accommodation sufficient for the needs of the household unit, at the same time allowing a standard of living that provides for all their basic needs. For the provider who finances the scheme it should allow for a reasonable return on their investment, plus sufficient capital replacement to enable them to persist the provision of such housing.Learning Activity 10 give differential between houses and other household product requirementsSupply of houses differs from other products such as cars, white goods and luxury goods in that it is not as easily adaptable to meet demand. A car can be readily supplied and that supply rapidly replaced. This is not the position with a house. Here the supply source takes longer to react to any driveway in price, because of the motivation of the house seller. A number of factors that affect supply, such as the motivation of the occupier to sell. If they are satisfied with their accommodation and the location, they are slight likely to sell, limiting supply. Similarly, if they perceive prices will continue to rise, they will delay selling, a reverse effect will happen when house prices are depressed.Houses completedThe chart above for the most part shows that the increase in house prices has not been met by a significant rise in the level of new builds, in fact, House builds supply has remained at a similar level throughout the ten years from 1995.If one cherished to construct a genuine graph for new house other data would be required, including variety of construct, for example flats, houses etc, and take into account the race demographics.Learning Activity 12ScarcityScarcity occurs inwardly the social housing market where there is a lack of availability of the core element of house building, namely the land, and where house occupiers do not set up their houses up for sale.Opportunity costMany landlords have seized the opportunity of change magnitude their housing stock during the periods of deflation or housing slumps. In such cases, there is a need to weigh this cost against future gains.The conditions of demandIn the housing market if the pr ice is right and compares favourably with other housing options, such as renting, and that price is within the budget of the householder, therefore they will purchase a property. This is generally the preferred route of households.The conditions of supplyTo conditions that determine supply is the availability of products, in this case houses, at the right price. Supply will also be affected by the future expectations of the market in terms of price.Perverse demand behaviourIn the housing market the major action that perversely affects demand is the substitution behaviour. Consumers generally perceive house ownership existence preferable to renting and will therefore seek to move to this status as soon as is possible.External effectsSeveral external situations affect the housing market. These include the inability of young people to get onto the property market changes in employment conditions and types of households. Similarly, issues such as planning and taxes will affect the mar ket supply and demand.Sources of inefficiencyInefficiencies within the housing market, particularly with social housing, where results of data analysis do not take into account all of the relevant factors and the resources are not being used to create the maximum economic welfare..Sources of unfairness issuesIn law can arise in the housing market because of the house-building computer program failing to keep pace with the rate of demand.Monopoly powerMonopoly power exists where there is no alternative to the product cost or the method of acquisition. It gives a monopoly the ability to affect the price of their product without reference to market trends.Nostradamus admit AssociationNostradamus is a social housing organisation. They are faced with a situation of reduced tenancy as a result of mortgage place being reduced to a level where repayment are at a significantly lower level than the tie beam charges. The occupancy issue is exacerbated by the fact that the council has tran sferred its housing stock to another association. menstruation research shows that the trend in the move to ownership is likely to continue for the near future. Therefore Nostradamus have decided to sell off their tautological stock, under a right to buy scheme, in order to advance its worsening financial position.HA RentedHousingOwner-occupiedHousingLow cost housingReduction of mortgage rates change of housesOwnershipRight to buyWithin the case study presented, we see that the association is operating a system of allocative efficiency, in that the sale of their houses benefits them by reducing their financial difficulties, thereby make the business more efficient. It is straightforward to both parties, as the association benefits by reducing its financial difficulties and the occupier benefits by acquiring a property at a cost, which is less than they were previously paying.It is found that owner-occupied housing is also provides equity, as it assists with the statistical dist ribution of wealth between individuals who were previously disadvantaged. Thus, the association is also fulfilling its role in economic welfare.DeterminantsOn DemandOwner-OccupiedHousingMarket price of productRent exceeds mortgage payments, therefore exceeds market priceLevels of household incomeIncomes have improved as the region is recovering economicallyComparable pricesThe cost of ownership is under that of the rent being charged making rents no longer comparableTaste and preferenceGenerally consumers prefer ownership, seeing renting as of lower social standing.ExpectationsThose who are locomote to ownership expect to benefit from better neighbours.The sale of redundant houses by the association does give rise to a number of objurgations in admittance to the fact that these were transferred from the local council. One of the most important criticisms is that it leaves the association with a much lower stock of houses, thereby it would be ill alert to be able to provide hous ing for those who need social housing, should the local economy suffer a future reverse of fortunes in the future. A further criticism is that such houses could have been utilised to reduce the difficulties being experienced in other areas of the country. With areas such as the South atomic number 99 suffering shortage of low-cost housing for rent or sale, there could have been some relocation effected to have reduced this difficulty. This would have also have had the effect of assisting those in need in those areas by providing them with the opportunity of possible work as well. Furthermore, by selling the houses below the original cost, the association can be said to have employ council funds. These funds essentially would have been provided by the members of the local community, through the payment of local taxes.As a result of all of these issues, a criticism could be levelled at the association that it failed in its duty of social dispense and welfare by not undertaking a st udy of other possible ways in which it could have utilised the excess housing stock and, at the same time, addressed its financial issues.The social dissymmetry could have been addressed in other ways. Primarily, it could have been offered to the government at an equitable rate, for use in lot them to address local and national homeless problems. This would have satisfied the issue of welfare. Secondly, the association should have looked at the possibility of reducing the rate of its rent to that which would be comparable with received mortgage payments. This would have led to higher levels of occupancy and increased the income of the association, thus reducing over time the level of its cash flow difficulties.The ordinal way of reducing the social imbalance would have been by helping to address the issues that first time buyers suffer, namely not being able to gain entry into the property market. In line with other organisations, the association should have looked at the poss ibility of a Rent and Buy scheme. infra this scheme, the buyer purchases part of the property equity and the association purchases the balance, for example, the buyer may buy forty percent and the association sixty. Over the years, and as the buyers income levels rise, under this scheme the buyer would be able to then purchase the remainder of the property equity, on an instalment basis, from the association. These future equity purchases would have been at current market rates. This would have had the additional benefit of enabling such people to be able to remain within the location of their choice, close to families and their work environment.AccountingIssuesIndicatorsLoss of IncomeIncreasing turnover rate of tenants.Rentals too highReduction in ownership mortgage ratesImprovement in local incomesHousing turnover exceeding budgetTenants attracted by ownershipRentals too high.ReferencesMarshall, D., Grant, F.L., Freeman, A. and Whitehead, C (2000). Cambridge Housing and Planning Research. Retrieved 12 October 2006 from http//www.dataspring.org.uk/Downloads/Discussion Paper 2.pdfLive Tables on Housebuilding (2006). Department for Communities and Local Government, Retrieved 11 October 2006 from http//www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1156032Demand and Supply for housing (2006). Tutors2u. Retrieved 12 October from http//www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/housing/housing_demand_supply.htmResearch Project. The UK Housing Market. biz/ed. Retrieved 12 October 2006 from http//www.bized.ac.uk/current/research/2004_05/090505.htmFootnotes1 Registered companionable Landlords

Refurbishment Vs Redevelopment In Malaysia Construction Essay

Refurbishment Vs Re ontogeny In Malaysia Construction EssayMalaysia space grocery has experienced a drastic change in 2008. The property market moved from a boom at the end of 2007 to uncertainties due to increase construction cost. Finally, the property market moved into a relatively pocket-size-key market towards the end of 2008. With all the sticks trying to tighten their loan terminations, obtaining loans for development of all types of commercial building have been difficult in the net three classs.Yet, sketch shows that in that respect is still a high indigence for space in dresser building in ara equivalent Kuala Lumpur. From time to time, there ar several(prenominal) developments of new bit buildings in Klang Valley area. From the psychoanalyse by with(p) by JPPH, there is an increase of somewhat 10 million square metres of new spotlight space end-to-end Kuala Lumpur. Yet, the average va heapcy rate in place space lessen to 18.6%. This proved that the demand for office building is still able to allow the increase in new office space. Study similarly showed that there is a new supply of approximately 280,000 square metres of new office space and additional 92,000 square metres of office being refurbished and repositioned in the year of 2009. So, building owners have to struggle to maintain the popularity and the competitiveness of their building. The current need of new-build development raises the likelihood of grade-A supply shortages when the occupier market returns, creating investment opportunities for carefully targeted regaining. notwithstanding, usually owner is in great dilemma when they are in such situation. As everyone know, the overhaul of office space offers advantages over new-build which can facilitate the achievement of economic, social and environmental sustainability. But, redevelopment is the ultimate radical for eliminating all problems regarding the maintenance, changing tenants requirement and other p robems.Making comparisons between redevelopment and redevelopment is also problematic beca call the term refurbishment can be used to encompass a wide spectrum of building works, from minor augmentative improvements through to extensive reconstruction. But, in the majority of results, refurbishment will be a quicker and cheaper means of restoring second-hand office space to grade-A specification. As a low-cost option, the refurbishment of office space should be intuitively personable in an economic climate marked by a neediness of development finance. But in many cases refurbishment is as expensive as redevelopment and likely to carry with it greater risks and physical constraints. worry statementMalaysian has been accused as a clever constructor but poor carriage. For example, certain office buildings in Golden trilateral are often looked deteriorated and relatively matured compared to other purposed-built office building. exercising of such older office buildings are thos e office building run acrossd on the fringe of Central Business District, like Jalan Ampang. These older office buildings have a higher tendency to be left trifling due to its poor office building images. This will leads to lower rental rate to be paid by the tenants to remain its competitiveness. Other substantial characteristic of such office building also includes by low occupancy rate, lower quality of the building and services provided.Besides, recent office developments are very likely to adopt green features such as energy saving, reduction of wastage and water usage, as well as the use of environmentally friendly materials. This new trend in development had pressure many owners evaluate the condition of their building and try to make several changes to the buildings to attracts much tenants. These efforts are important to attract corporations who fascinate energy-saving and environmental-friendly building.But fashioning such decision is not easy. The owners have to e valuate the cost and emolument of each choice, and determine the solution he desires to improve the condition of his buildings. But other factors also have to take into consideration. For example, the rate of interest the bank would charge for development of different risk, the time of completion and others also greatly affect the decision- fashioning of ownerObjectives of studyThis study has three main objectives. at that place areTo determine factors influencing the decision-making in deriving a solution to the manner chosen.To identify the returnss of building refurbishment or redevelopment to the building users.To determine whether tenant likes refurbished secondary office building or newly redeveloped building. range of mountains of studyThe scope of this study will focus on selected office buildings, both building which had undergo refurbishment and those which had undergone redevelopment. To ensure a more complete study, the newly constructed building is also considered a s building undergone redevelopment.The respondents of the questionnaire are limited to tenants in Golden Triangle area only. As for the property manager, all property managers can be chosen as the interviewee. twist manager who are hired by owners and acted on behalf of them, will gives their opinions in owner perspectives (maximise profit) and current tenants will voice out their p quotations in choosing a building space.MethodologyAll the relevant data are smooth through primary data and secondary data.Primary data includes questionnaire, samplings, interviews and case study. In this study, respondents identified in questionnaire study are selected property manager who represents building owners point of view and some tenants at bottom Golden Triangle area through sampling. As for interview session, interviewees targeted are property manager who are the representatives of building owners. Through this interview sessions, benefit of building refurbishment and redevelopment will be ascertained. Finally, case study of three similar office buildings will also be done as the quantitative epitome. All three building will be compared according to the cost incurred for construction and the benefit obtained. Then the differences in term of occupancy rates, rental and others will be calculated to represent the emergence in term of market value.On the other hand, collection of data in this study will also includes references such as reference book, journal, articles, conference paper, property market reports, internet/ website searching and other sources.In addition, data will also be collected from books, magazines or newspaper publisher article to obtain general information on building refurbishment and the effects of building refurbishment.Further details of methodology will be discussed in Chapter 3.Structure of StudyThis study consisted of five chapters. The brief give-and-take of each chapter is discussed as followsChapter 1Chapter 1 is the introduction of the study. This chapter starts with an introduction of this study with a brief background. Besides, other things like problem statement, scope of study, methodology and others are also discussed in this chapter.Chapter 2Chapter 2 is about the publications review. In this chapter, definition of building refurbishment and redevelopment, benefit of building refurbishment and redevelopment and others will be discussed in this chapter. Besides, factor influencing decision making of building refurbishment and the tenant preferences will also be discussed.Chapter 3Chapter 3 is the methodology. In this chapter, methodology used to survey and interview in order to gather information needed. The structure of questionnaire is also discussed in this chapter. Furthermore, a brief discussion on the opinion of respondents of questionnaire and interviews will also be carried out in the last part of this chapter.Chapter 4Chapter 4 is the chapter regarding inquiry findings analysis. In this chap ter, data gather will be analysed and presented in this chapter. An analysis on the benefit of building refurbishment and its value-enhancing ability will also be carried out by studying the information gathered through interviews, questionnaire survey, and secondary data.Chapter 5Chapter 5 discuss about the conclusion and recommendation. In this chapter, conclusion from the findings and analysis of data in the previous chapter will be discussed and summarized. Besides, it also illustrate on the confirmation of the objectives and overall summary for the all told study. Other information included in this chapter is the suggestions for further study.

Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay

exact Incident Case Study outline Social Work EssayIn this paper, I exit control an interesting slip of paper study that I found important to converse. On one hand, I go out scrutinize the details of this case study and the vital assimilation information of the spark officipants. On the second hand, I willing analyze the incident from the perspectives of the ethnicity, White American culture, and address differences.Description of the Critical IncidentSequence of eventsThis event took place in a basal inculcate in Indiana State a year ago. H was introduced to a inculcate psychologist by his instructor. He was the worst-be ca-cad ovalbumin kid in school. He was hard-hitting, fights with some former(a)(a) peers, and argues with his teacher all the time. The teacher wanted to improve Hs airs and account it to his mother. Therefore, the teacher and the school psychologist assured to go with H, since he was the roughly challenging churl in the levelroom. H was in the 4th crisscross and had maintained high grades. He continued o become nigh grades through and throughout the school year. He sometimes had difficulties in pastime directions and completing in-class assignments in writing activity, yet his academic standing is in the honest however, it is higher in the math area.In suppose to subsist to a greater extent astir(predicate) H, an interview was conducted by a school psychologist with his teacher the reported that H is from a divorced family and active with his mother who is a supernumerary education teacher in high school.During the graduation session, H was observed to be a Caucasian male of average height and tip with blonde hair, blue eyes, and was dressed casually in a barren sweat suit and sneakers. H was sitting silently at his desk and functional on his throw.The following session, H was observed to be much aggressive and started to make noises, yelling, arguing with teacher and public lecture back in the classroom. I interviewed H about his behavior that the teacher and principal told me about his behavior that was erratic I started the first session with him by playing a game to friend him identify his sense of smelling and behavior.Throughout the sessions, the student was expressing to the school psychologist, and he was telling her that he was having some problems in the red-hot place. He was having a hard time socialing and making fri overthrows. The student was alike talking about the absence of his father, and how bad he was feeling to be raised by a single mother. He alike address the bad relationship he had with his peers and teacher and he was telling through the sessions that no one could understand him. During this session, there were some misunderstandings amongst the lymph gland and the healer in terms of row and some heathenish occasions, such as talking about cartoons and movies characters, favorite Cereal, and kinds of dogs.As a professional, I examined how I would help Hunter to sort his behavior issues in the classroom. Therefore, a meeting was conducted with Hs mother in order to feel more about his behavior at home and to get her involved. Unfortunately, the conference ended negatively. Added to this, the frustration of Hunters mother over my pagan differences led the consultation process to a negative outcome on Hs concerns.During the meeting, Hs mother argued that her son will be will be attr playing attention since they live in a undersized rural community and e precise automobile trunk knows each other. This was the major problem the mother was intellection about and was frustrated beca economic consumption she would have to face her neighbors staring and comments. The mama was as well thinking of her kid in the future and how pile will get across and look at him as an aggressive and misbehaved kid in the town. She declared as well that she is a single mom that raised her nipper by herself and she had faced enou gh from these plurality in the town. She mentioned that her kid would have some problems operative with an world(prenominal) school psychologist who speaks playactter in some other language than English and had a different cultural desktop. The student was unbidden to keep ladderings with him, barely his mom was ref victimisation to complete our sessions he seemed to change gradually and wanted to be different. He was ghastly, because his mother stopped e realthing and he told the school psychologist that his mother had not let him come to her. He say that he did not have friends before and the school psychologist was his friend somewhat that time.Culture of the lymph node The lymph node is Hs mother, 38-year-old, and Caucasian womanish. She has one child who is 10 years old and step-elder son (age 17) and one younger step lady friend (age 5) who does not currently live with her in the same house. The invitee is divorced, living with her son since she got divorced s ix years ago. She is creaming as a special education teacher in high school and mentioned she is from the captain middle class background.Culture of therapist The therapist in this case was me. I am a 26 year old, Muslim international female student. I am from a middle-class background, and grew up in a home with my father, step-mother, and my sisters and half brothers. My family has been an important part in my life. I had a lot of social and emotional support. My mother had a nerve attack and died when I was six. I hardly remember her face and how she was acting. statement was a stressful part of my life living alone far-off a elan, and within a different culture was not an easy thing to deal with.Handling of situation The team contained the teacher, the school psychologist, and the prescript tried to intervene and help Hunter to stop his negative behaviors and start acting like a normal kid. The team conducted a meeting to indicate the behavior and plan an intervention. T hey called Hs mother to get her involved. As the team was working through this case, the mom came to school and gather uped the principle to discontinue working with her child. She verbalize they are living in a small town and it is a sin in her area to be in trouble in school, especially in terms of behavior issues, and she did not want each kind of services from an international school psychologist. There was no bureau to convince the mother to get her involved and persuade convinced her to cultivation the case. This was one of my cultural incompetencies and biases that I experienced. I felt so mad and under micro-aggression, because I am not an American school psychologist. They do not want me to work with this kid especially then the teacher refused to continue consulting with me about the student and the principle asked me to stay away from him. I felt like an outsider and helpless.The team implemented an intervention to work with H in classroom, but everything was cancele d. The problem of this case was unfortunately, was held at the end of the school year. So, I had to stop meeting the child and do what the mom was postulation for. I felt so unhelpful and I cognise the problems that can occur within school settings and how incompetent people would be in order to intervene. I tried to convince the teacher and the principle to re-set a meeting with the mother to controvert with her Hs academic concerns first, instead of his behavior issues. Explain to her how important it is to work with him before they become major issues in the future, get the mom more involved, and create a connection between home and school. Unfortunately, it was in usurp to force people to attend sessions or watch help.It was difficult to present a final consultation report for my project. As a final point, the teacher and school psychologist indicated using time-out and ignoring as methods of discipline. Lots of feedback also was suggested to reduce Hs frustration, but there was no way to wait the mothers case expectation through her son. Therefore, I found it very important to address this case study to be more advised if it happened again in the future another time.The AnalysisCross-cultural issues and prise differencesThe following are the cross-cultural issues and value differences that may have existed between therapist and node Gender, age, socioeconomic status, education, ethnicity, religion, and language differences.Age The lymph node is 38 years old. The school psychologist is 26 years old.Socioeconomic status the lymph gland is from superior middle class background and the therapist is from middle class background.Education the leaf node is a special education teacher at a high school. The therapist is a student in an explosive detection system program.Religion the client is a Christian, while the therapist is a Muslim.Ethnicity the client is White European American and the therapist is an international Arab student.Language The clie nt speaks English as the first language. The therapist speaks Arabic as the first language.Out of these issues, I will specifically address ethnicity and language differences in the analysis part of this paper.EthnicitySue and Sue (2007, chap.1), Hence and Boyd-Franklin (2005), and Fuller (1995) discuss the significance of cosmos aware of our own culture, and each culture has limitations. As an international school psychologist, I was very aware of the ethnic differences during our sessions which make me feel like an outsider. The client in this case was a female unclouded American. She seemed to be categorized deeply within her ethnicity, and she appeared to enjoy beingness white. In working with her, I see that it seemed to be heavily associated with how she grand and reacted to racial stimuli. Therefore, the race-related reality of whites symbolizes major dissimilarities in how she viewed the world (Sue Sue 2007). The client was not at ease in the beginning, and she noticed my express and recognize that I am not an American professional she kept asking the what are you? and the where are you from? questions, which I believed now how rude and insensitive this questions were. I felt that she was judging me, and it was unclear what she was trying to mention with those questions. I believe that she is one of the people who think that it was fine to scrutinize and query people with dissimilar accents. This unsure idea is surely not to make the item-by-item feel unwanted or insulted when asking about their ethnicity (Sue and Sue, chap.18),According to my own interpretations and what I congregated from the readings through this class, my client showed her own privilege (Sue Sue, chap. 11). It was clear for my client to notice that I am from another country, especially after our following sessions and appeared to see school psychologist students in general as incompetent people who wanted only to practice their skills.While I was reading the Parker and Sc hwartz (2002) article, I assumed how did White come to be the majority and the oppressor? certainly, I agree that, in the United States, white is the foremost community that has become more pale into the statistical unit beside the other ethnicities that are classified as minority categories.Through my little experience on the practicum at this school, I also noticed some strange things happening at this school I did not notice that it was discrimination until now. In this school, all the school staff and students were whites and there was an ignorance of the culture strengths and the school staff blames the students and their parents for their problem this reminded me of cultural blindness agencies. I did not notice all the time working in this school any other different ethnicities besides white Americans. In this stage, the school works with students as they are all the same, ignoring their preposterous needs and cultural differences (Sue Sue 2007)Goal the goal of this differen ce would be to make an equal relationship, free from any racism. Racism found to be evident in all aspects of white community in our routine lives (such as in television, radio, and educational materials, etc.) (Sue Sue 2007) My client is a white American and I should be aware of her own racial background and the persistence of racism in the United States honourable by being white (Parker Schwartz). As was discussed in McGoldrick outlines (2005) Ethnocultural factors are often the hidden attribute in family therapy with white ethnics, and exploring them may be a discern piece of successful treatment. Create a therapeutic rapport will be the main goal of this scenario.Course of action afterwards working with this client, I would collaborate with her with respect to determine her feelings in working with a therapist who is from a different culture as hers. I would also work on her confidentiality since there is a clear feeling of mistrust which is a reaction to being discrimina ted against and abhor for the dominant communities in an approximately spheric anti-White demonstration and feeling (Sue Sue, p.200). As a professional, I should know the mien of distrust and work to get my clients trust. My client is white American I should be aware that white privilege is invisible (McIntosh, 1988) to her I was unwelcome. It will very efficacious to reduce the anxiety and the upset feelings of the client and the school psychologist as well in this scenario.Rationale My rationale for choosing this goal and occupation of action was to address the dissimilarities that exist between the school psychologist and the client in order to understand and reduce the relationship of dominant and minority. Collaborating with my client in the future will focus on her salient issues in order to get her more involved and trust the school psychologist. I would also teach my client some therapeutic techniques in order to help her comprehend and increase her feelings of trust an d comfort.LanguageStrong emotions such as anger, sadness, and defensiveness were displayed when talking about experiences of race, culture, and other socio demographic variables (McIntosh, chap.1). These feelings may improve or negate a full meaning to comprehend the worldviews of culturally change clients. As professional, working with a multicultural population, I need to know that I am different and how to deal with it in an appropriate way. In this case study, I worked with a client who is from a diverse culture and that leads to have some hard times to understand each other in the beginning, especially in terms of the language, eye contact, and sometimes body language. The client in this case is an American English speaker using high Standard English and emphasizing verbal communication (Sue Sue, chap. 6). The client was talking normally, but with attention that she was not satisfied. She sometimes talked very fast.As a school psychologist, English is my third language and as most of non English first language speaker, I have an accent. Sometimes my accent may sound well-known(prenominal), but usually most people mentioned that it is still and has a French flavor, which most of people likes. From time to time, I feel uncomfortable if my client misunderstood me. I think that was because of my accent and she did not used to talk with foreigners she is having troubles to understand me as Sue and Sue express (2007, Chap. 21) Communication due to language difficulties as I stated above, my client may sometimes talk fast and use some slang term statements that I could not comprehend. We were having a problem to connect and link up together, but the main problem was to be unable to work with her child that made me feel very embarrassed and sometimes unfruitful. In this case, I feel very depressed and sometimes I could not handle situations. I know that I have a productive background, but language issues make me very upset. It made me feel utterly unwelcome d in my clients community and this country, especially with these kinds of clients who do not like me to work with their children, just because they do not trust international people. This idea of the inferiority of me in addition to the belief that my client has the power to impose her standards upon my culture was also presented (Sue Sue, chap. 4). These also made feel both astound and shocked, especially when I experienced such things directly in this case.Communication is an appealing part of communicative interaction it is an instrument that helps the therapists to comprehend their clients and provides him or her needed services. (Sue Sue, chap.6) In our field, we need to be able to exchange communication in appropriate way for both verbal and nonverbal messages. Coding and decoding messages from others is the key to understand both the language and the message that is transmitted through the use of the language.Goal as a goal to resolve this scenario is to be well-known(pre nominal) with American culture and speak English perfectly, and also be familiar with their slangs and have self authority that I am trying to do well. American speakers if they attempt to speak Arabic for an example they will have an accent as well. Through working with this client, I will discuss the language especially the accent barrier openly with her I bet that this may be beneficial.Course of action I think it is very vital to talk with the clients in the initial interview before commencement any assessment. Informed her that I am an international school psychologist and they may not fully understand my accent. I will let her know that I am open to answer her questions and repeat if it needed. Discussing the foreign language accents and refer that is normal to have an accent within another language learned as well. I again felt the stinging confidence to improve English with the aim of being a more effective and diverse professional.Rational My rationale for choosing this g oal and course of action was to talk about the accent issues that may help me relax and work comfortably. Educating the client that her kids case is going to be confidential and no one will know about it in the town. It may lead to ignore other issues like language, I will also ask my client to ask for clarifications if the she did not understand me and the problem will be resolved.ConclusionAfter analyzing this case study, I recognized how significant it is to be sensitive of our cultural difference in order to be competent and sensitive to other cultures. This experience helped me to comprehend how dissimilar we are as people and how this be active the interpersonal communications. This will help me be to be aware and work on myself to be more an effective and successful professional in the future.

Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay

Downfall Of Pakistan effort pip Studies EssayPakistan occupy persev datence started off as a mighty empire, perseverance of the chocolate heroes and bonny heroines. This is known as the Golden era of the manufacture where movie theaters were fil lead with listenings enjoying their local anesthetic movies which would touch the sensitive issues of the society. The assiduity flourished, boomed and grew mightier e very(prenominal) day. An article in LA times sums up the story of Pakistan charter effort, In their heyday, theaters such as the Odeon had queues of Pakistanis snaking far beyond the box-office window and down Lahores bustling sidewalks. Moviegoers dressed in their snazziest salwar kameezes and arrived two hours before a showing to secure tickets. Today, Pakistani picture has all scarce(prenominal) if vanished, a victim of the VCR, cable television, professorship Muhammad Zia ul-Haqs Islamization of Pakistani society, and finally DVD piracy. In 1985, 1,100 movi e houses operated in Pakistan today, nevertheless 120 atomic number 18 in line of business. The few directors, producers and pic owners often swear on second jobs to convey ends meet (Rodriguez). The Islamization reforms introduced by the President Zia-up-Haq led to the deterioration of the industry and finally to its downfall. Stereotypical thinking, lack of Government pay and support, uneducated actors/actresses/writers/directors, lack of acting schools and production houses, and lately the entranceway of the Indian movies in our local cinemas has c recurd down the industry completely.The role of cinemas in the downfall of the ingest industry excessively inevitably to be discussed. It highlights the willingness of cinema owners to show Indian and English movies in their cinemas.Although it might be askd that the cinemas adjudge shown willingness to show Pakistanis movies as well. For example, the DHA cinema in Lahore is currently a Pakistani movie CHANNA SACCHI MUCHI, along with former(a) Indian and Hollywood movies. Furthermore, several cinemas go on to show Pakistanis movies despite incurring losses but even this tendency is changing as no cinema owner would continue to lose revenue by not showing Indian and English movies as also suggested by Jam Hussains article in The Nation newspaper, darn the Pakistani films deliver vanished from the cinema, the screening of impertinent movies is in full pretermit these age. Al nearly every cinema in the City including those located in the Northern Lahore and Walled City known for displaying Punjabi movies, has switched over to either Indian or English film. The cinema-owners ar going for the foreign flicks after the Pakistani films failed to imbibe viewers in a sizable number to sustain the cinema industry. One of the reasons for the intromission of Indian movies in Pakistan was to bring back audience to the cinemas so as to ensure the survival of cinemas but the cinema owners, alternatively of screening both local and foreign films, are switching towards foreign films only which is effecting our film industry quite negatively.It is said that the downfall of the film industry started with the introduction Islamization policies indroduced by President Zia-ul-Haq. Advocates of General Zias regime argue that following the Bangladesh liberation war, the number of cinemas decreased rapidly and as semipolitical uncertainty similarlyk charge of the industry filmmakers were asked to consider socio-political impacts of their films. So the film industry was already on decline but the imposition of new modification laws for film producers requiring to be degree holders, where not many of them held one, led to a steep decline in the workings of the industry, the forcible closure of nearly of the cinemas in Lahore by government and the introduction of new tax judge which further decreased cinema att get intopsichores is proof enough of the fact that the policies introduced by Gene ral Zia was a major blow to the film industry. There were other implications as well, according to the article How Pakistan Fell in Love with the Bollywood make in Foreign Policy magazine by Anuj Chopra, General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies resulted in the artificial split between Indian and Pakistani culture. Basically entertainment, peculiarly Indian entertainment, was labeled as fahashi (vulgar). Classical Indian music and dance were banned, and colleges were instructed to shut down their music societies. Sari, a Hindu garment, was banned, which according to him revealed too much of a womans body. Moreover, it has also been noted that in state TV programs, women playing negative roles were shown wearing Indian clothes (mainly saris), while the level-headed ones were shown wearing salwar kameez(traditional Pakistani outfit) and a dupatta (a shawl covering the head). General Zias Islamization function was a huge setback to Pakistans film industry and it is appease regain from those setbacks as the process permanently changed the way people thought slightly films and the industry.The Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad and low tone and also that people with low standards come to these academies and work in this industry. It is commonly accepted that respectable people dont go to Pakistani cinema houses anymore, unless of phone line it is to watch a special screening of some Hollywood smash hit (Minhas). It might be argued that people still watch and appreciate Pakistani movies and also that many people are entering this field with prospects of b highroad future. Some of the many new talents that have entered the industry include names like Fawad Khan, Imran Abbasi and Imaan Ali. Their acting in Khuda Key Liye, regarded as one of Pakistans outgo movie, was commendable. They are a source of inspiration for other individuals, especially those who are passionate about acting but feel that there is no future in it. However, a few except ions cannot real account for the execution of the whole industry.Most of us are aware of the fact that a government can play a key role in promoting the film industry of a particular country. This notion obviously applies to Pakistan also, but the ill-fate of our country is such that the government has shown little interest in the training of this industry. The point is also backed by Amna Nasir Jamals article The Pakistani pullulate Industry Struggles to Survive in which she says that due to governments laxity in the prehistoric two decades, the film industry has deteriorated and most of the technical facilities have been closed. It is identifiable that throughout Pakistans history most of the governments have been hesitant to promote the film industry because of the opposition from religious factions. What the government does not realize is that the film industry has a potential of playing an important role in portraying a better image of Pakistan. Recently, the government, under President Asif Ali Zardari, form United scoot Association of Pakistan (UFAP) which aims to bring back the golden era of the film industry and also, according to the newspaper article Taxes Everywhere and non a Film to Screen in The Express Tribune by Saadia Qamar, levied a 65 percent tax on the screening of foreign films in Punjab. These are positive steps and whether they will bear fruits or not, only the future can tell but what the industry really needs is economic and technical assistance which every government has failed to provide.It is argued that the introduction of Indian and Hollywood movies has provided a competitive base for Pakistani movies so that only good quality movies come forward. The argument is backed by the introduction of movies such as Khuda Key Liye but the situation of the whole industry needs to be taken into account first. The film industry is on the brink of collapse, Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad so there is very little demand, f ew cinemas that are still run are unwilling to screen Pakistani movies, the industry lacks technical equipment and expertness and there is very little government support. In 2009 an article, Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood published in Times of India by Bhariti Dubey quite accurately sums up the impact of Indian movies on Pakistans films industry, This year, the Pakistani film industry produced only nine films. The reasons for this dwindle are many but most fingers point to one culprit who, they claim, has killed their industry Bollywood.In the recent past, closely every film released in India has simultaneously been released in Pakistan and done business of about Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Our local industry is unarguably very weak and needs support and exposing it to foreign competitors would never allow it to grow.It is also suggested that instead of putting restrictions on Indian movies, the Indian movies should be allowed to be screened and promoted in Pakistan i f the Indians agree to screen Pakistani films. This would improve cross ensnare relations and also give Pakistani actors, who do not arrive enough work here, an opportunity to work in India. Meera and Javed Sheikh have already worked in Indian movies and as more people enter Bollywood, they could bring investment into our industry. However, this school of thought does not realize that Pakistani movies can only be screened in India if they are made of the equivalent caliber and are able to compete with their films otherwise the Indian cinema owners would have no incentive of screening Pakistani Film. The introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was only intended to increase the revenue of cinema owners and act our producers/directors to work harder and compete with them. However, this introduction took a wrong turn and still faces a lot of opposition.Islamization policies, lack of financial support by the government, introduction of foreign movies in local cinemas and stereotypi cal thinking of the locals have really dented the film industry. The Pakistan film industry is now a drop ship, which needs a captain who cannot only secure the future of the industry but can also lead the ship to its destination. The Pakistani Film Industry went through a smooth and a bumpy road altogether. There was a time when the industry maxim good days as well as the bad days. But changes can be inflicted to make sure that the industry revives and sees those heights once again that it saw previously. The government support, educated youngsters, and establishment of more acting schools, cinemas, and production houses are the elements which should come on one platform in order to make the revival possible.Works Cited PageRodriguez, Alex. Pakistans Film Industry is in Collapse.LA Times08 Nov. 2009. Print.Chopra, Anuj. How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood.Foreign Policy clipping15 Mar. 2010. Print.Minhas, Shandana. The Second Wave.Chowk22 Nov. 2004. Web.Jamal, Amna N. Pakis tani Film Industry Struggles to Survive. underlying Asia Online. Web.Qamar, Saadia. Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen.The Express Tribune19 Apr. 2010. Print.Dubey, Bhariti. Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood.The Times of India1 Nov. 2009. Print.Hussain, Jam S. Indian Movies dwarf Lahore Cinemas. The Nation Lahore 3 Aug. 2009. Print.

The extinction of the dinosaurs

The ex terminal figureination of the dinosaursWas it an angulate that killed the dinosaurs?The extinction of the dinosaurs started in the cretaceous period, around 65 one thousand thousand years ago, and sourced the loss of up to 70% of all life on humankind. The way in which the dinosaurs died is a some(prenominal) argued topic which can be explained by a solidification of theories mavin of which is the Asteroid hypothesis.The Asteroid systemThere ar a lot of reasons to suggest that an asteroid did puddle the earth still at that place are much less reasons to suggest that it did kill the dinosaurs. Walter Alvarez and colleagues brought the asteroid collision theory to attention in 1980 which links the extinction event to a human dynamo (an object that cannot be described as a comet, asteroid or meteorite) striking the earth at just the right speed to cause cataclysmic damage to the Earth. Much of the proof now suggests that a 5 to 15kilometer wide bolide hit in the v icinity of the Yucatan Peninsula, forming the Chicxulub Crater and started the plenitudees extinction.Some scientists propose that the bolide caused a long drop in Earths atmospheric temperature (Causing the ice age) while another(prenominal)s claim that it would prolong instead created an comical heat wave. Scientists are not certain(a)(a) whether dinosaurs were thriving or declining originally the impact event.Before the asteroid hit, the earth was on a straight axis, it had to be at some point, so this shows that the asteroid hit the earth at such a speed and at a certain angle to knock it off its axis to how it is now, which may show that the dinosaurs could accordingly not cope with the earths new position and died because of it. Also the asteroid hit the earth would cause a chain reaction of volcano explosions, earthquakes and other storms which may chip in spanned thousands of years and we may lock up be scathe the effects of these today. The soot and debris fro m the impact would have blocked reveal the suns rays. This would eventually kill the dinosaurs through lack of vitamin D.Agree?The asteroid theory is the almost accepted one because there is more severalise that proves it than evidence that disproves the theory. Like the tilt the world is on at the moment couldnt be the selfsame(prenominal) tilt the word was on at first, it must have been thrown off its tilt some time, and this asteroid is the perfect interpreter of this. Another thing that agrees with that theory is dinosaurs died tabu in the cretaceous period, the same year the asteroid hit the earth. A crater can be found in the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatan peninsula which dates back 65 million years ago, to the cretaceous period of time.Disagree?The one thing I would disagree with is the fact that scientists have found out that dinosaurs have died out over a long period of time after it would have hit and the asteroid would have wiped out the dinosaurs and most life on ea rth over a short period of time.Effects on marine lifeAs a result of the asteroid hitting the levels of oxygen in the sea would have decreased as dim sea pissing was dragged to the surface by huge under water currents. Plankton would have died because of this sudden change in environment and temperature, as a consequence there was a huge collapse of the food chain, and certain animals would have died because of this collapse. Acid rain may also have change magnitude the acidity of the sea, killing vulnerable species.Problems with the theoryThe asteroid theory is the most popular one although problems with this still puzzle scientists. There are still dinosaur fossils from the time of the asteroid impact that palaeontologists have not even so found, and there is no evidence to prove that the dinosaurs didnt die out before the impact. In fact, before the Chicxulub asteroid impacted, dinosaurs had been steadily declining for tens of thousands of years.During the life of the earth, many mass extinction events have taken place, and a large number of asteroids have hit the planet. There is no hard evidence that would suggest that the impacts have caused mass extinctions. Some species are climate sensitive, such as frogs, and these survived the cretaceous extinction event, we still have them today. This brings into question what effect in the long term does an asteroid impact actually have on the environment?The asteroid theory still remains the strongest one, in spite of the problems, for the extinction of the dinosaurs. why the dinosaurs became extinct may not lie with one explanation but with a series of events, asteroid impacts and mass volcanic eruptions all feature together causing the climate to be unbearable to most maintenance creatures. Was this a case of the creatures being in the wrong place at the wrong time in history?ConclusionMy conclusion on this subject is that I side with those that believe it was an asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs beca use the evidence points more towards the asteroid than other theories. However as there is yet any real hard evidence to prove this I cannot vocalise defiantly that this is the case. The reason that the dinosaurs became extinct is an argument that scientists will disagree on for many, many years to come. No doubt one day in the future, a scientist doing some routine research will accidentally bumble across the missing piece of this long time puzzle.Website list/Preferenceshttp//ezinearticles.com/?How-Did-Dinosaurs-Become-Extinct?id=2230230http//www.newuniverse.co.uk/Dinosaur.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur

Co Action Effect And The Audience Effect Psychology Essay

Co Action Effect And The Audience Effect Psychology EssayThe co- stationion gist occurs when a high-pitcheder level of performance is present when surrounded by separate item-by-items performing the same task. It foundation be applied to a variety of tasks competitive and non-competitive e.g. Sports, multiplications, spelling etc.It is in addition perceived that an individuals locomote rate terminate modify by merely watching the individual carry come forth a specified task. This is known as the auditory sense effect. This theory however has positive and negative effects based on the degree of competence with the task presumptuousness to the national field. If they argon skilled in the task, their level of performance will heighten. However, the opposite will occur if the subject is non actu each(prenominal)y capable with the task. These 2 theories are categorised under(a) Social facilitation.Q2. Describe two psychology studies on this area of valet behaviour st ating their findings and conclusions.The co-action effect was first perceived in 1898 when a testify was carried surface by Norman Triplett. His theory was on cyclists and the speeds they r to separately bingleed when firstly, racing against each other and beca function racing individually against a stopwatch. He observe that racing against each other rather than against the clock alone trade magnitude the cyclists speeds. He then tested his thesis in a controlled look into laboratory try w here(predicate) he gave children unbiased tasks to perform on their own and then with a partner. He again found that co-action resulted in improved results in the children. He concluded that the bodily straw man of another contestant alive(p) simultaneously in the race serves to liberate latent energy not ordinarily available (Triplett, 1898).An example of the audience effect was noted when psychologist J.Michaels 1982 carried issue an investigation on pool players. First he asses sed their baron and rated them both above or be small-scale average. He then stood by them to clear if his presence had any effect on the way they played. The conclusions of the investigation showed that the much abled players performed to a higher calibre and the less abled decreased in ability proving that in fact tear down though the audience effect can suffer positive results, they can also facilitate negative ones too. The presence of an audience arouses valet de chambres and affects our ability to perform a task. This arousal stimulates us, so that if we are doing something we are good at, we do it better. However, we are already arouse when performing tasks in general. An audience overseeing the task can sometimes act as an over stimulant to original individuals and interfere with the task at hand.Q3. Evaluate theories and research into the basis of social power including allegiance and conformity. cause was found to be one of the most effective reasons as to why an individual feels the need to follow with with what another says to them. Psychologists nurse undertaken many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) years of examines to try to figure let on what types of powers are in our parliamentary law and how they shape and influence the way we live today. There are two main points in social power that can alter an individuals purview process. Obedience and Conformity. Throughout this essay you will read how Psychologists have discover the roles in which these two influences affect the society we live in.Conformity is describe as the type of social influence involving a castrate in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a group.This form of influence can occur in two separate ways. A majority influence whereby the feelings and behaviours of a collective set of individuals within a group can alter or change the opinion of the minority, and the minority influence whereby an individual will change the opinions of the raft in a group. angio tensin-converting enzyme way in which a majority may influence is known as public compliance. Solomon Asch (1956) set out to encompass what this type of conformity was by using a simple exercise. The aim of the taste was to see how subjects opposeed when faced with an unambiguous task. Would they be influenced by a groups behaviour or would they stick to their own belief that they knew to be true.Aschs test was carried out on 123 participants and all were American males. The subjects were asked to distinguish surrounded by three lines and pick a line that was of the same size as a fourth individual line. The cognitive process was carried out with the individual subject sat around a table of confederates all instructed to give wrong(p) answers with the subject having to answer last. The procedure was conducted 18 times and out of the 18 guesses, the confederates were told to guess wrong 12 times as to add a sense of validity to the experimentation. The results showed that 75% of the participants gave incorrect answers at least erst suggesting that they had conformed to the group ideology of sentiment. Asch then perennial the test and altered a control of no confederates giving wrong answers. Asch found that there were mistakes make about 1% of the time.The conclusion of the experiment shows that there was a high amount of conformity when faced with pressures from a collective group. Questions must(prenominal) be asked however on the actual validity of the experiment itself when looking at unfeigned life and muchover the demographic used in the experiment. The participants were asked a simple question, yet if faced with a question that holds much substance, would the participant still conform to such a degree? The experiment has been repeated on many occasions by changing the type of experiment used to English scientists (Perrin and Spencer 1980) and youths on probation (Perrin and Spencer 1990). Some to a greater extent recent research suggests that Aschs experiment is merely an unpredictable phenomenon (Lalancette and Standing 1990).The ethics involved are quite negligible when considering other experiments that will be discussed later in the essay. Participants must have felt tricked once they found out the other participants were actually confederates, and perhaps the subjects may have felt distressed when being put in a difficult situation.We can go buns further in the 1900s and see other forms of experiments used to analyse the use of majority conformity. Muzafer Sherif (1935) investigated responses to ambiguous statements by using the auto kinetic affect. This is when very(prenominal) small movements of the eye make a spot of light in a darkened room appear to move because the eyes drop a stable frame of reference. Sherifs participants were tested individually, being asked to say how removed the light moved and in what direction. Their answers varied considerably. However, Sherif then requested the participants arrive at collectively to estimate the movements. Their answers started to become quite similar demonstrating the influence of a groups ideology on an individual. The results of this field of study can also be questioned too. As the answers were ambiguous and there wasnt an obvious answer it could be argued that participants are more likely to conform as they are never completely certain of their answer. This methodology therefore affects Sherifs interpretation of conformity as it is not very reliable. The same ethical questions can be asked when looking at this experiment. The participants were deceived and additionally put under pressure to conform to a groups way of thinking which can cause stress.We can also analyse conformity through and through the use of a minority influence. Although conformity is generally led by the influence of groups, individuals are occasionally able to reverse this tendency and change the opinions of people around them. This is known as the minority influence. If an individual makes a strong, convincing possibility it can increase the probability of changing the majoritys beliefs and behaviours. One iconic example of this occurring was the suffragette movement at the start of the 20th Century. The combination started out with a very limited amount of members with strong opinions that women should have the equal rights. Initially their opinions were unpopular but as time went by, the minority influenced the majority with their concise and logical arguments and eventually it led to the majority conformist to the same beliefs.To test this theory a Psychologist known as Moscovici (1969), conducted an experiment similar to that of Asch. 32 groups of 6 were chosen with 2 confederates in each group. The groups were shown a slide of varied shades of blue and asked to convey what twist was perceived. Moscovici et al proposed that if the confederates had that of a diametrical opinion to the group and stuck to that opinion consistent ly, they could alter the groups views. The confederates consistently said the slides were green. The findings of the experiment showed that 32% gave the same answer as the minority at least once. This suggests that although it is a minute amount of daze on the results, there is some kind of conformity to the minoritys way of thinking.This experiment unusually doesnt hold many ethical problems. Although participants were deceived initially, the deception was moderately low and the tasks given were of a low level of stress. We could go as outlying(prenominal) as to say that this study was ethically acceptable. However, there are a few criticisms of study. The participants were females, Eagly and Carli (1981) study suggests that females are more likely to conform to ideologies of a group than that of men and so this questions how reliable the study actually is.And so we regard that conformity doesnt necessarily have a boundary that requires a person to act in a certain way. Obedienc e can be considered entirely different. Conformity does not require us to react in a specified manner whereas with obedience we are instructed or ordered to do something and these orders stem from a higher situation. We can plug in this to history when we look at the atrocities that shaped Nazi Germany in orbit War I and II. Millions of defenceless Jewish people (and many other ethnicities) were slaughtered by Nazi soldiers under the influence of the government ran by Hitler. The wicked crimes grantted had many questions to be answered but mainly how were the crimes committed and why? During the Nuremberg trials, many of the high ranking officials were put to trial over what they had through with(p) with the only claim to their innocence being that they were simply, obeying orders. These claims were blatantly thrown out of court and a stereotype was claimed stating that a Germans DNA was simply different to that of every other human. Yet a man named Stanley Milgram wanted to un derstand if there were any truth to these claims. In 1963 he set up a psychology experiment to test if any human, not honest German, could be put under such strict obedience pressures, that they could commit these horrific crimes against humanity.His participants were American men aged 20-50 and were from various occupation backgrounds. The study was carried out at Yale University, where they were taken to a lab and introduced to an experimenter dressed in a lab coat (confederate). They were then introduced to what the participant thought was a fellow experimenter however he would be the accomplice in the experiment. These gentlemen had fabricated that he had a heart problem to add to the validity of the study. Participants were then given a summary of the experiment. The mock investigation was to distinguish the roles amid teacher and learner. A fake ballot would decide what role would be decided for the two subjects with the actual participant always allocated the teacher role. The procedure of the experiment consisted of a simulated electrode machine in the room the teacher was placed in that would be used to administer an electric volt to the student in another room. The isolation from the two subjects was to add to the already dissociation created. Every time the student answered a question incorrectly from a sheet the teacher, (participant) was given. The participant would control the shock machine and the teacher would purposely answer the questions incorrectly. The experimenter would push the participant and provoke them to administer the shocks even if they insisted on stopping. Surprisingly, some 65% of the teachers gave what they thought was the maximum amount of penalization (450 volts of electric shock). Based on these results, Milgram suggested a theory known as the Agency Theory. He states that when faced with a stressing situation, humans attribute their responsibilities to an authority figure.This experiment completely changed the impact on social policy, but came with many ethical and situational complications. The ecological validity of the experiment should be questioned as the experiment was conducted within a laboratory and it could also be argued that the participants used were more suggestible as they volunteered for the experiment. Although participants were debriefed to a satisfactory manner (84% felt effulgent to have participated), the stress endured within the experiment could have possibly had semipermanent affects to the subjects. Milgram himself states,The degree of tension reached extremes rarely seen in experimentsSubjects were sweating, tremblingon one occasion we observed a fit so violent that it was necessity to call a halt to the experiment.Deterred by the ethical background of the experiment mentioned a man known as Zimbardo wanted to carry out an experiment to back up Milgrams study to add validity through using a less controlled environment. Male students applied for a study about prison li fe. 21 participants were chosen to be guards and prisoners (10 prisoners, 11 guards). The prisoners were arrested at home unexpectedly and blindfolded to disorientate them whilst taking them into their controlled prison cells (the cellar of Yale University). Many symbolic items were used to associate the prisoners with their roles (ID numbers, nylon caps, orange jump suits). The guards also had many garments so they could associate themselves with their specified role (clubs, mirrored aviators, handcuffs). all over the two week period, the subjects became more and more connected to their specified role. The guards became more autocratic and the prisoners became tolerant of being punished for the miniscule of issues. The study shows how the guards and prisoners conformed to their roles given especially the prisoners through the use of obedience. However, the ethical issues developed throughout the case were even more severe than that of Milgrams. Five prisoners had to be released ea rly referable to depression and the whole experiment had to be cancelled only 6 days into the study out of an initial two weeks.So here we have seen how obedience and conformity influence humans and the test we have created to observe how these characteristics can be measured and implemented in real life. On the way we have seen many ethical questions arise as well as the validity of the actual experiments. If we can understand anything from the theories present, we must understand that the experiments involve human beings, who are probably, the most unpredictable sources to all the theories. Thankfully, we now have Ethical guidelines as a result of these experiments human beings are malleable objects and must be handled with care. Hopefully the results from these investigations on obedience and conformity are used to help human beings in the hereafter and not control them.